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      Test epicutáneos con inhalantes en el estudio de la dermatitis atópica Translated title: Epicutaneous test with inhalers in the study of atopic dermatitis

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          Abstract

          En un 80% de pacientes con dermatitis atópica se demuestra la presencia de IgE específica frente a alergenos alimentarios o ambientales. También se ha demostrado la exacerbación de las lesiones de la dermatitis tras ingestión o inhalación de alergenos y su mejoría al reducir la exposición alergénica en un subgrupo de pacientes con dermatitis atópica. Aunque el prick y la determinación de IgE específica en suero son técnicas muy sensibles, las pruebas epicutáneas aplicando el alergeno directamente en la piel podrían ser el método diagnóstico ideal ya que reproducen la respuesta inflamatoria característica de la enfermedad en el propio órgano de choque que es la piel. Sin embargo, existe gran variabilidad en los resultados obtenidos mediante pruebas epicutáneas con aeroalergenos, debido fundamentalmente a diferencias metodológicas, que se revisan en este trabajo. Por último, presentamos los resultados de realizar pruebas epicutáneas con alergenos inhalantes a nuestros pacientes con dermatitis atópica y controles, obteniendo un 27% de parches positivos, fundamentalmente con ácaros y en aquellos pacientes con dermatitis más grave sin que exista una completa concordancia con la técnica del prick. Por ello, las pruebas epicutáneas parecen un método de diagnóstico alergológico que puede ser útil y complementario a las técnicas de rutina como el prick o la determinación de IgE específica en suero, pero queda pendiente su adecuada estandarización.

          Translated abstract

          In some 80% of patients with atopic dermatitis, the presence of specific IgE is found when facing food or environmental allergens. It has also been demonstrated in a sub-group of patients with atopic dermatitis that the dermatitis lesions are exacerbated following the ingestion or inhalation of allergens, and that they improve with reduction of exposure to allergens. Although the prick method and the determination of specific IgE in serum are highly sensitive techniques, epicutaneous tests, applying the allergen directly to the skin, might be the ideal diagnostic method since they reproduce the characteristic inflammatory response of the disease on the affected organ itself, the skin. However, there is great variability in the results obtained through epicutaneous tests with aeroallergens, basically due to methodological differences, which are reviewed in this paper. Finally, we present the results of carrying out epicutaneous tests with inhalant allergens on our patients with atopic dermatitis and controls, where some 27% of positive patches were obtained, basically with acari, and in those patients with more severe dermatitis, without there being complete concordance with the prick technique. For this reason, the epicutaneous test appears to be a method of allergological diagnosis that might be useful and complementary to the routine techniques of the prick method and the determination of specific IgE in serum, but it is in need of suitable standardization.

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          Most cited references41

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          Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: evaluation of 113 patients.

          One hundred thirteen patients with severe atopic dermatitis were evaluated for food hypersensitivity with double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenges. Sixty-three (56%) children experienced 101 positive food challenges; skin symptoms developed in 85 (84%) challenges, gastrointestinal symptoms in 53 (52%), and respiratory symptoms in 32 (32%). Egg, peanut, and milk accounted for 72% of the hypersensitivity reactions induced. History and laboratory data were of marginal value in predicting which patients were likely to have food allergy. When patients were given appropriate restrictive diets based on oral food challenge results, approximately 40% of the 40 patients re-evaluated lost their hypersensitivity after 1 or 2 years, and most showed significant improvement in their clinical course compared with patients in whom no food allergy was documented. These studies demonstrate that food hypersensitivity plays a pathogenic role in some children with atopic dermatitis and that appropriate diagnosis and exclusionary diets can lead to significant improvement in their skin symptoms.
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            Studies of hypersensitivity reactions to foods in infants and children

            In order to extend previous investigations of adverse reactions to foods performed at this institution, 68 children, aged 5 mo to 15 yr, were studied. All subjects reported a history of adverse reaction to ingestion of one or more of the 14 foods under study. Sixteen of 43 subjects, 3 yr of age or older, had 22 adverse reactions during 94 food challenges with one or more of the 14 foods. All reactions confirmed were to peanut or other nuts, milk, egg, and soy. Skin testing with 1:20 weight/volume concentrations of food extracts applied by the puncture technique produced a net wheal reaction 3 mm or greater in all subjects 3 yr of age or older in whom double-blind food challenges confirmed the history of adverse reaction. Thirteen of 25 children less than 3 yr of age manifested adverse reactions during 49 food challenges. Skin testing by puncture technique produced a net wheal 3 mm or greater in 9 children less than 3 yr of age in whom food challenge elicited a clinical response within 2 hr. One of 4 subjects less than 3 yr of age in whom the adverse reaction occurred more than 4 hr after food challenge exhibited a wheal to puncture skin test of 3 mm or greater. These studies suggest that at present double-blind food challenge is an indispensible tool for the unequivocal evaluation of adverse reactions to foods.
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              Natural history of food hypersensitivity in children with atopic dermatitis.

              Patients with atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity who were adhering to an elimination diet underwent repeat double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges annually for follow-up of their food allergy. After 1 year, 19 of 75 patients lost all signs of clinical food hypersensitivity (15 of 45 patients allergic to one food, and 4 of 21 allergic to two foods). Of the individual foods, 38 of 121 no longer elicited symptomatic responses. After 2 years, patients underwent a second rechallenge; 4 of 44 patients tested lost their clinical food hypersensitivity. In 20 patients undergoing a third rechallenge, no food hypersensitivity was lost. Loss rate of food hypersensitivity varied among foods; after 1 year, there was a 26% loss of symptomatic food allergy to five major allergens (egg, milk, soy, wheat, and peanut) compared with a 66% loss rate to other food allergens. Loss of symptomatic allergy was not affected by the patient's age at diagnosis, except with milk allergy, for which older patients were more likely to lose clinical food hypersensitivity (p less than 0.05). Total serum IgE and prick skin tests were not useful for predicting loss of symptomatic food hypersensitivity. There was no significant decrease in skin test wheal size corresponding to loss of clinical food hypersensitivity. Patients developing only skin symptoms during the initial challenge were most likely to lose symptomatic food hypersensitivity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                asisna
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Anales Sis San Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                1137-6627
                2003
                : 26
                : suppl 2
                : 31-37
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital Virgen del Camino orgdiv1Sección de Alergología
                Article
                S1137-66272003000400005
                10.4321/s1137-66272003000400005
                0553ae02-08eb-4c53-8772-a5b4e36a4110

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain


                Dermatitis atópica,Pruebas epicutáneas,Alergenos,Atopic dermatitis,Patch test,Allergen

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