Assessment of unintended effects of ditches on ecosystem services provided by Iztaccíhuatl-Popocatépetl National Park, Mexico  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Evaluación de los efectos no deseados de las zanjas en los servicios ecosistémicos que brinda el Parque Nacional Iztaccíhuatl-Popocatépetl, México </span>

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Abstract

Abstract The Iztaccíhuatl-Popocatépetl National Park is a remnant of high-mountain conifer forests and grasslands that provides ecosystem services to Mexico City. This research assesses the impact of constructing ditches, through modeling infiltration, soil erosion, and carbon sequestration with the hydrological model SWAT, based on soil information (bulk density, soil organic carbon, and soil depth) obtained from the ditches. The resulting estimates revealed that the construction of ditches negatively impacted the provision of the following ecosystem services: (i) alterations of natural conditions that allow water infiltration in more than 25% of 1 ha in grasslands, and up to 20% of 1 ha in forests; (ii) increase in potential soil erosion by 60%; and (iii) up to 30 217 t and 4522 t of soil organic carbon becoming exposed and prone to mineralization in grasslands and forests, respectively.

Translated abstract

Resumen El Parque Nacional Iztaccíhuatl-Popocatépetl constituye un remanente de bosques de coníferas y pastizales de alta montaña que brinda servicios ecosistémicos a la Ciudad de México. En este trabajo se evalúa el impacto de la construcción de zanjas, a través de la modelación de infiltración, erosión y secuestro de carbono con el modelo hidrológico SWAT, a partir de información edafológica (densidad aparente, carbono orgánico, profundidad de suelos) de las zanjas obtenida en campo. Las estimaciones resultantes revelaron que la construcción de zanjas impactó negativamente la provisión de los siguientes servicios: (i) alteraciones de las condiciones naturales que permiten la infiltración de agua en más del 25% de 1 ha en pastizales, y hasta un 20% de 1 ha en bosques; (ii) aumento de la erosión potencial del suelo en un 60%; y (iii) hasta 30 217 t y 4522 t de carbono orgánico del suelo expuestas y propensas a la mineralización en pastizales y bosques, respectivamente.

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Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services.

Elena M Bennett, Garry D Peterson, Line Gordon (2009)

Ecosystem management that attempts to maximize the production of one ecosystem service often results in substantial declines in the provision of other ecosystem services. For this reason, recent studies have called for increased attention to development of a theoretical understanding behind the relationships among ecosystem services. Here, we review the literature on ecosystem services and propose a typology of relationships between ecosystem services based on the role of drivers and the interactions between services. We use this typology to develop three propositions to help drive ecological science towards a better understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Research which aims to understand the relationships among multiple ecosystem services and the mechanisms behind these relationships will improve our ability to sustainably manage landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services.

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Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring.

David Lindenmayer, Gene Likens (2009)

Long-term research and monitoring can provide important ecological insights and are crucial for the improved management of ecosystems and natural resources. However, many long-term research and monitoring programs are either ineffective or fail completely owing to poor planning and/or lack of focus. Here we propose the paradigm of adaptive monitoring, which aims to resolve many of the problems that have undermined previous attempts to establish long-term research and monitoring. This paradigm is driven by tractable questions, rigorous statistical design at the outset, a conceptual model of the ecosystem or other entity being examined and a human need to know about ecosystem change. An adaptive monitoring framework enables monitoring programs to evolve iteratively as new information emerges and research questions change.