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      Estudio comparativo del sellado de catéteres con citrato trisódico o heparina sódica más gentamicina Translated title: Comparative study of catheter sealing with trisodium citrate or sodium heparin plus gentamicin

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          Abstract

          La cateterización de una vena central como acceso vascular para la hemodiálisis supone una alternativa rápida y segura, que permite ser utilizada inmediatamente y obtener flujos sanguíneos óptimos. Sin embargo, el uso de catéteres no está exento de complicaciones, lo que provoca una alta morbilidad aumentando las cargas de trabajo y el gasto económico. La colonización y la formación de una película producida por las bacterias (biofilm) son considerados factores de riesgo, tanto en las infecciones relacionadas con catéter como en trombosis intraluminal. Para reducir estas complicaciones, utilizábamos como profilaxis un protocolo de sellado en los catéteres con una solución de heparina al 5% más gentamicina. Sin embargo, debido a complicaciones hemorrágicas, infecciosas y a una exposición constante del paciente a antibióticos, se decidió cambiar de protocolo a una solución de citrato trisódico concentrado (46,7%) por sus propiedades anticoagulantes y antimicrobianas. Nuestro objetivo es valorar la implantación de un protocolo con citrato trisódico concentrado para el sellado de los catéteres. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio son: importante descenso en el número de infecciones; menor número de manipulaciones; menor utilización de antibióticos, evitando crear resistencias y sensibilizaciones; dosis dialítica adecuada, disminución del coste económico de las cargas de trabajo y de la morbilidad de los pacientes.

          Translated abstract

          Placing a catheter in a central vein as vascular access for haemodialysis is a quick and safe alternative that can be used immediately and lets optimal blood flows be obtained. However, the use of catheters is not free from complications, causing high morbility and increasing the work load and economic cost. The colonization and formation of a film produced by bacteria (biofilm) are considered risk factors, both in infections related to the catheter and in intraluminal thrombosis. To reduce these complications, we used a catheter sealing protocol with a 5% heparin solution plus gentamicin. However, due to haemorrhagic complications, infections and a constant exposure of the patient to antibiotics, it was decided to change the protocol to a concentrated (46.7%) trisodium citrate solution because of its anticoagulant and antimicrobial properties. Our aim is to evaluate the implementation of a protocol with concentrated trisodium citrate for sealing catheters. The results obtained in this study are: important fall in the number of infections; less handling; less use of antibiotics, preventing the creation of resistance and sensitivities; adequate dialytic dose, reduction in economic cost of work load and in patient morbility.

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          Biofilms and device-associated infections.

          Microorganisms commonly attach to living and nonliving surfaces, including those of indwelling medical devices, and form biofilms made up of extracellular polymers. In this state, microorganisms are highly resistant to antimicrobial treatment and are tenaciously bound to the surface. To better understand and control biofilms on indwelling medical devices, researchers should develop reliable sampling and measurement techniques, investigate the role of biofilms in antimicrobial drug resistance, and establish the link between biofilm contamination and patient infection.
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            Superior antimicrobial activity of trisodium citrate over heparin for catheter locking.

            Haemodialysis catheters used for vascular access are frequently complicated by infection and catheter-related thrombosis. Improvement of interdialytic locking solutions could reduce these problems. Trisodium citrate (TSC) has been advocated in recent years because it might have antimicrobial qualities. Antimicrobial efficacy of four concentrations of TSC (2.2, 7.5, 15 and 30%) was compared with three equi-osmolal sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations, unfractionated heparin 5000 IU/ml and a solution of gentamicin 1 mg/ml in TSC 7.5%. We analysed antimicrobial properties by two classical in vitro susceptibility tests. All tests were performed in triplicate by incubation of test fluids with Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Increasing TSC concentrations effectively killed the staphylococcal strains in both assays. For E.coli and P.aeruginosa complete killing was achieved only with TSC 30%. TSC 30% was also the only solution that significantly inhibited growth of C.albicans. Heparin manifested no antimicrobial effect of any significance. Adding gentamicin to TSC provided superior bacterial growth inhibition but had no effect on yeast growth. TSC solutions manifested superior antimicrobial activity compared with iso-osmolal NaCl solutions in both assays. This in vitro study demonstrates superior antimicrobial activity of TSC, especially in higher concentrations, in contrast to heparin. The mechanism seems to differ from hyperosmolality. Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) chelating effects are probably more important. Adding gentamicin provided the most potent antimicrobial solution. However, for reasons concerning development of bacterial resistance and sensitization of the patient, continuous exposition to aminoglycosides seems not advisable.
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              Preventing bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance in dialysis patients.

              Antimicrobial use, in concert with patient-to-patient transmission of resistant strains, has caused a rapid increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in recent years. This increase is a particular threat to dialysis patients, who often have been in the forefront of the epidemic of resistance. In this report, which was written in collaboration between the American Society of Nephrology and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and has been endorsed by the Executive Council of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, we review and summarize existing clinical practice guidelines and recommendations concerning the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of certain bacterial infections in dialysis patients and present four strategies to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance in dialysis patients. First, preventing infection eliminates the need for antimicrobials, thereby reducing selection pressure for resistant strains. Efforts to prevent infection include avoidance of hemodialysis catheters, when possible, and meticulous care of hemodialysis and peritoneal catheters and other hemodialysis vascular access sites. Second, diagnosing and treating infections appropriately can facilitate the use of narrower spectrum agents, rapidly decrease the number of infecting organisms, and reduce the probability of resistance emerging. This entails the collection of indicated specimens for culture and avoidance of contamination of cultures with common skin microorganisms. Third, optimizing antimicrobial use helps protect the efficacy of such critical agents as vancomycin. Published guidelines for the use of vancomycin should be followed, and alternate agents should be used when infections with beta-lactam-resistant bacteria are unlikely or not documented. Fourth, preventing transmission in health care settings is important to limit the spread of resistant organisms. In this regard, such basic measures as glove use and hand hygiene are most important.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefro
                Revista de la Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica
                Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (, , Spain )
                1139-1375
                June 2008
                : 11
                : 2
                : 19-24
                Affiliations
                [01] Girona orgnameClínica Girona orgdiv1Servicio Hemodiálisis
                Article
                S1139-13752008000200004
                10.4321/s1139-13752008000200004
                05b4c3d8-b587-41d3-8c1d-54deffb41a02

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 9, Pages: 6
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                catéter venoso central,citrato trisódico,disgeusia,central vein catheter,trisodium citrate,dysgeusia

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