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      Scintigraphic imaging of focal hypoxic tissue: development and clinical applications of 123I-IAZA

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          Abstract

          Affected tissues in a number of diseases, including cancer, stroke, cardiac infarction and diabetes, develop focal tissue hypoxia during their progression. The presence of hypoxic tissue may make the disease refractory to therapy, as in the case of solid tumor therapy using low LET ionizing radiation. In other pathologies, the detection of viable but hypoxic tissues may serve as a prodromal indicator of developing disease (e.g. diabetes),or as a prognostic indicator for management of the disease (e.g. stroke). Over the past two decades, a number of hypoxia radioimaging agents have been developed and tested clinically. Of these, 18F-Fmiso and 123I-IAZA are the most widely used radiotracers for PET and SPECT/planar imaging, respectively. IAZA and Fmiso are a 2-nitroimidazoles that chemically bind to subcellular components of viable hypoxic tissues. They sensitize hypoxic tumour to the killing effects of ionizing radiation via mechanisms that mimic the radiosensitizing effects of oxygen, and are therefore called oxygen mimetics. The oxygen mimetic effect is attributable in large part to the covalent binding of reductively-activated nitroimidazole intermediates to critical cellular macromolecules. Nitroimidazoles labelled with gamma-emitting radionuclides (e.g. 18F-Fmiso and 123I-IAZA) have been used as scintigraphic markers of tumour hypoxia, based on the need to identify radioresistant hypoxic tumour cells as part of the radiotherapy planning process. Broader interest in non-invasive, imaging-based identification of focal hypoxia in a number of diseases has extended hypoxia studies to include peripheral vascular disease associated with diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, myocardial ischaemia, brain trauma and oxidative stress. In this review, the current status of hypoxia-selective studies with 123I-IAZA , an experimental diagnostic radiopharmaceutical, is reviewed with respect to its pre-clinical development and clinical applications.

          Translated abstract

          Os tecidos afetados em inúmeras doenças, incluíndo câncer, acidentes vasculares cerebrais, infarto agudo do miocárdio e diabetes, desenvolvem hipoxia focal tecidual durante a evolução da doença. A presença de tecido hipóxico pode tornar a doença refratária à terapia., como no caso do tratamento de tumores sólidos usando baixa radiação ionizante (LET). Em outras doenças, a detecção de tecidos viáveis mais hipóxicos pode servir como indicador prodômico do desenvolvimento da doença (como por exemplo, diabetes), ou um indicador prognóstico do controle da doença (como no acidente vascular cerebral). Nas últimas duas décadas, vários substâncias utilizadas em radioimagem para avaliar a hipóxia foram desenvolvidas e testadas clinicamente. Destas, 18F-Fmiso e 123I-IAZA são os radiotraçadores mais usualmente utilizados para imagens planares de PET e SPECT, respectivamente. IAZA e Fmiso são 2-nitroimidazóis que quimicamente se ligam a componentes subcelulares de tecidos hipóxicos viáveis. Eles sensibilizam tumores hipóxicos aos efeitos letais da radiação ionizante via mecanismos que mimetizam os efeitos radiosensíveis do oxigênio, e são consequentemente denominados de oxigênio-miméticos. O efeito oxigênio-mimético é atribuído em grande parte à ligação covalente dos intermediários nitroimidazóis redutivamente ativados paara macromoléculas celulares críticas. Nitroimidazóis marcados com radionuclídeos emissores de radiação gama (por exemplo, 18 F-Fmiso e 123I-IAZA) tem sido usado como marcadores cintigráficos da hipóxia tumoral, baseado na necessidade de identificar células tumorais hipóxicas radioresistentes como parte do processo de planejamento da radioterapia. Um interesse mais amplo em identificação não-invasiva baseada em imagem de hipóxia focal de várias doenças tem estendido os estudos de hipóxia para incluir doenças vasculares periféricas associadas com diabetes, artrite reumatóide, acidentes vasculares cerebrais, isquemia miocárdica, traumatismo encefálico e estresse oxidativo. Nesta revisão, o estado atual dos estudos de hipoxia seletiva com 123I-IAZA, um radiofarmáco para o diagnóstico experimental é revisto em relação ao desenvolvimento de aplicações clinicas e pré-clinicas.

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          Most cited references41

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          In vivo biodistribution of no-carrier-added 6-18F-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (18F-DOPA), produced by a new nucleophilic substitution approach, compared with carrier-added 18F-DOPA, prepared by conventional electrophilic substitution.

          A novel synthetic approach to 6-(18)F-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine ((18)F-DOPA), involving the nucleophilic substitution of a diaryliodonium salt precursor with non-carrier-added (18)F-fluoride, yielded a product with a specific activity that was 3 orders of magnitude higher than the product of the conventional synthesis method, involving an electrophilic substitution of a trialkylstannane precursor with (18)F2. We performed a direct comparison of high- and low-specific-activity (18)F-DOPA in a neuroendocrine tumor model to determine whether this difference in specific activity has implications for the biologic behavior and imaging properties of (18)F-DOPA.
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            Fluoroazomycin arabinoside (FAZA): synthesis,2H and3H-labelling and preliminary biological evaluation of a novel 2-nitroimidazole marker of tissue hypoxia

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              The synthesis and radiolabelling of novel markers of tissue hypoxia of the iodinated azomycin nucleoside class.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                babt
                Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
                Braz. arch. biol. technol.
                Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná - Tecpar (Curitiba )
                1678-4324
                September 2002
                : 45
                : spe
                : 69-81
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Alberta Canada
                Article
                S1516-89132002000500010
                10.1590/S1516-89132002000500010
                06ec18a9-f750-4f42-9a23-8ba1d4829a01

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1516-8913&lng=en
                Categories
                BIOLOGY

                General life sciences
                Scintigraphic Imaging,Hypoxic Tissue,Clinical Applications,123I-IAZA
                General life sciences
                Scintigraphic Imaging, Hypoxic Tissue, Clinical Applications, 123I-IAZA

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