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      A Novel Undergraduate Seminar Course Celebrating Scientific Contributions by Scientists from Historically Marginalized Communities

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          ABSTRACT

          Scientific contributions by members from historically marginalized communities (HMCs) have been largely ignored, uncredited, and in some cases erased from history. This has contributed to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) curricula lacking diversity. In this study, we present an Honors seminar course aimed to highlight the discoveries of scientists from HMCs, centered around reading primary literature in a way that builds our students' research skills. The course provides students with opportunities for active learning, skill building, and mentorship that are key for persistence of students in the STEM “leaky pipeline.” Students also read biographies of scientists from HMCs, interact with guest speakers, and choose scientists to highlight (in final papers and presentations) and publicize (through the creation of Wikipedia pages). Additionally, students use community-building methodologies to build a safe classroom and gain tools to have conversations about diversity, inequities, and intersectionality in STEM. In self-reporting surveys, 93.7% of students strongly agreed that their appreciation for marginalized scientists increased and 92.6% reported that the course met very well the goal of refining their research skills. These findings support the effectiveness of this novel course. We provide two lists (one of 137 scientists and one of 57 scientist biographies) that will allow faculty teaching a wide range of science classes to select examples of scientists and discoveries to highlight in their courses. This course represents a novel platform to diversify STEM curricula while engaging and empowering students from historically marginalized communities.

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          Most cited references39

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          Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis.

          Vascular endothelial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) form a barrier that restricts the movement of molecules and ions between the blood and the brain. This blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial to ensure proper neuronal function and protect the CNS from injury and disease. Transplantation studies have demonstrated that the BBB is not intrinsic to the endothelial cells, but is induced by interactions with the neural cells. Owing to the close spatial relationship between astrocytes and endothelial cells, it has been hypothesized that astrocytes induce this critical barrier postnatally, but the timing of BBB formation has been controversial. Here we demonstrate that the barrier is formed during embryogenesis as endothelial cells invade the CNS and pericytes are recruited to the nascent vessels, over a week before astrocyte generation. Analysing mice with null and hypomorphic alleles of Pdgfrb, which have defects in pericyte generation, we demonstrate that pericytes are necessary for the formation of the BBB, and that absolute pericyte coverage determines relative vascular permeability. We demonstrate that pericytes regulate functional aspects of the BBB, including the formation of tight junctions and vesicle trafficking in CNS endothelial cells. Pericytes do not induce BBB-specific gene expression in CNS endothelial cells, but inhibit the expression of molecules that increase vascular permeability and CNS immune cell infiltration. These data indicate that pericyte-endothelial cell interactions are critical to regulate the BBB during development, and disruption of these interactions may lead to BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation during CNS injury and disease.
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            Reducing the racial achievement gap: a social-psychological intervention.

            Two randomized field experiments tested a social-psychological intervention designed to improve minority student performance and increase our understanding of how psychological threat mediates performance in chronically evaluative real-world environments. We expected that the risk of confirming a negative stereotype aimed at one's group could undermine academic performance in minority students by elevating their level of psychological threat. We tested whether such psychological threat could be lessened by having students reaffirm their sense of personal adequacy or "self-integrity." The intervention, a brief in-class writing assignment, significantly improved the grades of African American students and reduced the racial achievement gap by 40%. These results suggest that the racial achievement gap, a major social concern in the United States, could be ameliorated by the use of timely and targeted social-psychological interventions.
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              Active learning narrows achievement gaps for underrepresented students in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and math

              Significance Achievement gaps increase income inequality and decrease workplace diversity by contributing to the attrition of underrepresented students from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors. We collected data on exam scores and failure rates in a wide array of STEM courses that had been taught by the same instructor via both traditional lecturing and active learning, and analyzed how the change in teaching approach impacted underrepresented minority and low-income students. On average, active learning reduced achievement gaps in exam scores and passing rates. Active learning benefits all students but offers disproportionate benefits for individuals from underrepresented groups. Widespread implementation of high-quality active learning can help reduce or eliminate achievement gaps in STEM courses and promote equity in higher education.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                J Microbiol Biol Educ
                J Microbiol Biol Educ
                jmbe
                Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
                American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                1935-7877
                1935-7885
                31 October 2022
                December 2022
                31 October 2022
                : 23
                : 3
                : e00123-22
                Affiliations
                [a ] Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                [b ] Honors College, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
                Hamline University
                Author notes

                The authors declare no conflict of interest.

                [*]

                Present address: Jesús A. Romo, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.

                Article
                00123-22 jmbe.00123-22
                10.1128/jmbe.00123-22
                9753730
                076a7e3c-3990-4964-a967-a9756f29028b
                Copyright © 2022 Romo and Rokop.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license.

                History
                : 29 July 2022
                : 3 October 2022
                Page count
                supplementary-material: 0, Figures: 2, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 11, Words: 7319
                Categories
                Curriculum
                Custom metadata
                December 2022

                diversifying stem curricula,historically marginalized communities,reading primary literature,diversity in stem,diverse scientists,diversity equity and inclusion (dei)

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