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      Endogenous Bioelectric Signaling Networks: Exploiting Voltage Gradients for Control of Growth and Form

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      Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
      Annual Reviews

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          Identification of selective inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening.

          Screens for agents that specifically kill epithelial cancer stem cells (CSCs) have not been possible due to the rarity of these cells within tumor cell populations and their relative instability in culture. We describe here an approach to screening for agents with epithelial CSC-specific toxicity. We implemented this method in a chemical screen and discovered compounds showing selective toxicity for breast CSCs. One compound, salinomycin, reduces the proportion of CSCs by >100-fold relative to paclitaxel, a commonly used breast cancer chemotherapeutic drug. Treatment of mice with salinomycin inhibits mammary tumor growth in vivo and induces increased epithelial differentiation of tumor cells. In addition, global gene expression analyses show that salinomycin treatment results in the loss of expression of breast CSC genes previously identified by analyses of breast tissues isolated directly from patients. This study demonstrates the ability to identify agents with specific toxicity for epithelial CSCs.
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            Sparse coding with an overcomplete basis set: A strategy employed by V1?

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              Dimensionality reduction for large-scale neural recordings.

              Most sensory, cognitive and motor functions depend on the interactions of many neurons. In recent years, there has been rapid development and increasing use of technologies for recording from large numbers of neurons, either sequentially or simultaneously. A key question is what scientific insight can be gained by studying a population of recorded neurons beyond studying each neuron individually. Here, we examine three important motivations for population studies: single-trial hypotheses requiring statistical power, hypotheses of population response structure and exploratory analyses of large data sets. Many recent studies have adopted dimensionality reduction to analyze these populations and to find features that are not apparent at the level of individual neurons. We describe the dimensionality reduction methods commonly applied to population activity and offer practical advice about selecting methods and interpreting their outputs. This review is intended for experimental and computational researchers who seek to understand the role dimensionality reduction has had and can have in systems neuroscience, and who seek to apply these methods to their own data.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
                Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.
                Annual Reviews
                1523-9829
                1545-4274
                June 21 2017
                June 21 2017
                : 19
                : 1
                : 353-387
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040647
                28633567
                07bd2a7b-660d-4247-8122-88fc40443e03
                © 2017
                History

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