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      Interacción sinérgica de propóleo (Propolis) y orégano (Lippia graveolens Kunth s.l.) contra Staphylococcus aureus Translated title: Propolis and oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth s.l.) sinergyc interation against Staphylococcus aureus

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          Abstract

          Staphylococcus aureus es un problema de salud, especialmente el resistente a meticilina (SARM). La investigación actual ha retomado los remedios herbolarios tradicionales para su combate, los cuales parecen tener buenas perspectivas. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos inhibitorios de extractos etanólicos de orégano (Lippia graveolens) y extractos etanólicos de propóleo (Propolis) contra cepas SARM, por separado y en forma combinada. Se probaron dos tipos de extractos: al 20% y al 30% m/v de cada uno. Los ensayos de resistencia microbiana se hicieron por el método de macrodilución y las combinaciones se evaluaron mediante análisis isoblográfico. Los resultados muestran que todos los extractos tienen un fuerte poder inhibitorio, además, la combinación de ellos sugiere un efecto sinergístico.

          Translated abstract

          Staphylococcus aureus is a health public problem, especially resistant metical S. aureus (MRSA). Actually, research has resumed the traditional herbal treatments, which seems have a good perspectives. The aim of this work was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of oregano ethanolic extracts (Lippia graveolens) and ethanolic extracts of Propolis against MRSA strands by separate and combination way. Two kinds of extracts were obtained: 20% and 30% m/v of each one. Essays of microbial resistance were made by macro-dilution method and combinations were evaluated by isoglographic analysis. Results shows that all extract have strong inhibitory effects and further also suggest that combinations have a synergistic effect.

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          Relationships between Staphylococcus aureus genetic background, virulence factors, agr groups (alleles), and human disease.

          The expression of most Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors is controlled by the agr locus, which encodes a two-component signaling pathway whose activating ligand is an agr-encoded autoinducing peptide (AIP). A polymorphism in the amino acid sequence of the AIP and of its corresponding receptor divides S. aureus strains into four major groups. Within a given group, each strain produces a peptide that can activate the agr response in the other member strains, whereas the AIPs belonging to different groups are usually mutually inhibitory. We investigated a possible relationship between agr groups and human S. aureus disease by studying 198 S. aureus strains isolated from 14 asymptomatic carriers, 66 patients with suppurative infection, and 114 patients with acute toxemia. The agr group and the distribution of 24 toxin genes were analyzed by PCR, and the genetic background was determined by means of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The isolates were relatively evenly distributed among the four agrgroups, with 61 strains belonging to agr group I, 49 belonging to group II, 43 belonging to group III, and 45 belonging to group IV. Principal coordinate analysis performed on the AFLP distance matrix divided the 198 strains into three main phylogenetic groups, AF1 corresponding to strains of agr group IV, AF2 corresponding to strains of agr groups I and II, and AF3 corresponding to strains of agr group III. This indicated that the agr type was linked to the genetic background. A relationship between genetic background, agr group, and disease type was observed for several toxin-mediated diseases: for instance, agr group IV strains were associated with generalized exfoliative syndromes, and phylogenetic group AF1 strains with bullous impetigo. Among the suppurative infections, endocarditis strains mainly belonged to phylogenetic group AF2 and agr groups I and II. While these results do not show a direct role of the agr type in the type of human disease caused by S. aureus, the agr group may reflect an ancient evolutionary division of S. aureus in terms of this species' fundamental biology.
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            Synergistic Effects of Honey and Propolis toward Drug Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli and Candida Albicans Isolates in Single and Polymicrobial Cultures

            Background: Propolis and honey are natural bee products with wide range of biological and medicinal properties. The study investigated antimicrobial activity of ethyl alcohol extraction of propolis collected from Saudi Arabia (EEPS) and from Egypt (EEPE), and their synergistic effect when used with honey. Single and polymicrobial cultures of antibiotic resistant human pathogens were tested. Material and methods; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus),), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Candida albicans (C.albicans) were cultured in 10-100% (v/v) honey diluted in broth, or 0.08-1.0% (weight/volume) EEPS and EEPE diluted in broth. Four types of polymicrobial cultures were prepared by culturing the isolates with each other in broth (control) and broth containing various concentrations of honey or propolis. Microbial growth was assessed on solid plate media after 24 h incubation. Results; EEPS and EEPE inhibited antibiotic resistant E.coli, and S.aureus, and C.albicans in single and polymicrobial cultures. S.aureus became more susceptible when it was cultured with E.coli or C.albicans or when all cultured together. C.albicans became more susceptible when it was cultured with S.aureus or with E.coli and S. aureus together. The presence of ethyl alcohol or honey potentiated antimicrobial effect of propolis toward entire microbes tested in single or polymicrobial cultures. EEPS had lower MIC toward E.coli and C.albicans than EEPE. When propolis was mixed with honey, EEPS showed lower MIC than EEPE. In addition, honey showed lower MIC toward entire microbes when mixed with EEPS than when it was mixed with EEPE. Conclusion; 1) propolis prevents the growth of the microorganisms in single and mixed microbial cultures, and has synergistic effect when used with honey or ethyl alcohol, 2) the antimicrobial property of propolis varies with geographical origin, and 3) this study will pave the way to isolate active ingredients from honey and propolis to be further tested individually or in combination against human resistant infections.
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              Propolis: anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity and synergism with antimicrobial drugs

              Propolis is a natural resinous substance collected by bees from tree exudates and secretions. Its antimicrobial activity has been investigated and inhibitory action on Staphylococcus aureus growth was evaluated. The in vitro synergism between ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and antimicrobial drugs by two susceptibility tests (Kirby and Bauer and E-Test) on 25 S. aureus strains was evaluated. Petri dishes with sub-inhibitory concentrations of EEP were incubated with 13 drugs using Kirby and Bauer method and synergism between EEP and five drugs [choramphenicol (CLO), gentamicin (GEN), netilmicin (NET), tetracycline (TET), and vancomycin (VAN)] was observed. Nine drugs were assayed by the E-test method and five of them exhibited a synergism [CLO, GEN, NET, TET, and clindamycin (CLI)]. The results demonstrated the synergism between EEP and antimicrobial drugs, especially those agents that interfere on bacterial protein synthesis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmcf
                Revista mexicana de ciencias farmacéuticas
                Rev. mex. cienc. farm
                Asociación Farmacéutica Mexicana A.C. (México, DF, Mexico )
                1870-0195
                December 2013
                : 44
                : 4
                : 73-78
                Affiliations
                [01] Durango orgnameUniversidad Juárez del Estado de Durango orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Químicas México
                Article
                S1870-01952013000400009 S1870-0195(13)04400400009
                0830567b-c7d9-45db-8015-c1c20f101ac3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 September 2013
                : 05 March 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Trabajos científicos

                Propóleo,Orégano,SARM,Análisis isobolográfico,Sinergismo,Propolis,Oregano,MRSA,Isobolographic analysis,Synergism

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