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      Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review

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          Abstract

          Propolis is a natural substance collected by honey bees from various plants such as, poplar, palm, pine, conifer secretions, gums, resins, mucilage and leaf buds. It is collected and brought very painstakingly by honey bees to be used for sealing cracks and crevices occurring in their hives. Originally, it as an antiseptic meant for preventing bee-hive from microbial infections along with preventing decomposition of intruders. Additionally, propolis has been used in folk medicine for centuries. The biological characteristics of propolis depend upon its chemical composition, plant sources, geographical zone and seasons. More than 300 compounds have been identified in propolis such as, phenolic compounds, aromatic acids, essential oils, waxes and amino acids. Many scientific articles are published every year in different international journals, and several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the chemical compounds and biological activity of propolis.

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          Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin.

          A Kujumgiev, I Tsvetkova, Yu Serkedjieva … (1999)
          Propolis samples from different geographic origins were investigated for their antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), antifungal (against Candida albicans) and antiviral (against Avian influenza virus) activities. All samples were active against the fungal and Gram-positive bacterial test strains, and most showed antiviral activity. The activities of all samples were similar in spite of the differences in their chemical composition. In samples from the temperate zone, flavonoids and esters of phenolic acids are known to be responsible for the above mentioned activities of bee glue; tropical samples did not contain such substances but showed similar activities. Obviously, in different samples, different substance combinations are essential for the biological activity of the bee glue. It seems that propolis has general pharmacological value as a natural mixture and not as a source of new powerful antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral compounds.
          Article 0 comments Cited 244 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly: A Comprehensive Review of Their Biological Actions and Health Benefits

            Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti, Lakhsmi Sammugam, Nagesvari Ramesh … (2017)
            Background There are several health benefits that honeybee products such as honey, propolis, and royal jelly claim toward various types of diseases in addition to being food. Scope and Approach In this paper, the effects of honey, propolis, and royal jelly on different metabolic diseases, cancers, and other diseases have been reviewed. The modes of actions of these products have also been illustrated for purposes of better understanding. Key Findings and Conclusions An overview of honey, propolis, and royal jelly and their biological potentials was highlighted. The potential health benefits of honey, such as microbial inhibition, wound healing, and its effects on other diseases, are described. Propolis has been reported to have various health benefits related to gastrointestinal disorders, allergies, and gynecological, oral, and dermatological problems. Royal jelly is well known for its protective effects on reproductive health, neurodegenerative disorders, wound healing, and aging. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of action of honey, propolis, and royal jelly on the abovementioned diseases and activities have not been not fully elucidated, and further research is warranted to explain their exact contributions.
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              Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly.

              M. Viuda-Martos, Y Ruiz-Navajas, J. Fernández-López … (2008)
              Honey, propolis, and royal jelly, products originating in the beehive, are attractive ingredients for healthy foods. Honey has been used since ancient times as part of traditional medicine. Several aspects of this use indicate that it also has functions such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflamatory, antibrowning, and antiviral. Propolis is a resinous substance produced by honeybees. This substance has been used in folk medicine since ancient times, due to its many biological properties to possess, such as antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, among others. Royal jelly has been demonstrated to possess numerous functional properties such as antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, vasodilative and hypotensive activities, disinfectant action, antioxidant activity, antihypercholesterolemic activity, and antitumor activity. Biological activities of honey, propolis, and royal jelly are mainly attributed to the phenolic compounds such as flavonoids. Flavonoids have been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and vasodilatory actions. In addition, flavonoids inhibit lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, capillary permeability and fragility, and the activity of enzyme systems including cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Chandra Kanta Dash
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Saudi J Biol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Saudi J Biol Sci
                Title: Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1319-562X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-7106
                Publication date PMC-release: 17 August 2018
                Publication date (Print): November 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 August 2018
                Volume: 26
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 1695-1703
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [b ]Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
                [c ]Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
                [d ]Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [e ]Entomology Section, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Tarnab, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [f ]Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Punjab, Pakistan
                [g ]Faculty of Marin Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Baluchistan, Pakistan
                [h ]Bee Research Chair, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [i ]Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, 244001, India
                [j ]Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
                [k ]Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3300, Bangladesh
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. chandra.ento.sau@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1319-562X(18)30189-X
                DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.013
                PMC ID: 6864204
                PubMed ID: 31762646
                SO-VID: 091193d8-1b04-4da7-bd1f-c7554ac1bf17
                Copyright © © 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 16 July 2018
                Date revision received : 10 August 2018
                Date accepted : 14 August 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: propolis,chemical composition,physical properties,antimicrobial activities,biomedical applications
                Data availability:
                Keywords: propolis, chemical composition, physical properties, antimicrobial activities, biomedical applications

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