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      Why Hydrogels Don’t Dribble Water

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      Author(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Gels
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: fourth phase, exclusion zone water, negative charge, protons, swelling, infrared energy, polymer matrix

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          Abstract

          Hydrogels contain ample amounts of water, with the water-to-solid ratio sometimes reaching tens of thousands of times. How can so much water remain securely lodged within the gel? New findings imply a simple mechanism. Next to hydrophilic surfaces, water transitions into an extensive gel-like phase in which molecules become ordered. This “fourth phase” of water sticks securely to the solid gel matrix, ensuring that the water does not leak out.

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          Stimuli-responsive polymer gels and their application to chemomechanical systems

          Yoshihito Osada, Jianping Gong (1993)
          Article 0 comments Cited 36 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effect of radiant energy on near-surface water.

            Binghua Chai, Hyok Yoo, Gerald H. Pollack (2009)
            While recent research on interfacial water has focused mainly on the few interfacial layers adjacent to the solid boundary, century-old studies have extensively shown that macroscopic domains of liquids near interfaces acquire features different from the bulk. Interest in these long-range effects has been rekindled by recent observations showing that colloidal and molecular solutes are excluded from extensive regions next to many hydrophilic surfaces [Zheng and Pollack Phys. Rev. E 2003, 68, 031408]. Studies of these aqueous "exclusion zones" reveal a more ordered phase than bulk water, with local charge separation between the exclusion zones and the regions beyond [Zheng et al. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 127, 19; Zheng and Pollack Water and the Cell: Solute exclusion and potential distribution near hydrophilic surfaces; Springer: Netherlands, 2006; pp 165-174], here confirmed using pH measurements. The main question, however, is where the energy for building these charged, low-entropy zones might come from. It is shown that radiant energy profoundly expands these zones in a reversible, wavelength-dependent manner. It appears that incident radiant energy may be stored in the water as entropy loss and charge separation.
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              Long-range forces extending from polymer-gel surfaces

              Gerald H. Pollack, Jian-ming Zheng (2003)
              Aqueous suspensions of microspheres were infused around gels of varying composition. The solutes were excluded from zones on the order of 100 micrometers from the gel surface. We present evidence that this finding is not an artifact, and that solute-repulsion forces exist at distances far greater than conventional theory predicts. The observations imply that solutes may interact over an unexpectedly long range.
              Article 0 comments Cited 17 times – based on 0 reviews
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Gels
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Gels
                Journal ID (publisher-id): gels
                Title: Gels
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2310-2861
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 November 2017
                Publication date Collection: December 2017
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 43
                Affiliations
                Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; ghp@ 123456u.washington.edu ; Tel.: +1-206-685-1880
                Article
                Publisher ID: gels-03-00043
                DOI: 10.3390/gels3040043
                PMC ID: 6318654
                SO-VID: 092b0a46-6b67-4eab-83cc-e956902c68ab
                Copyright © © 2017 by the author.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 11 September 2017
                Date accepted : 14 November 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective

                Keywords: fourth phase,exclusion zone water,negative charge,protons,swelling,infrared energy,polymer matrix
                Data availability:
                Keywords: fourth phase, exclusion zone water, negative charge, protons, swelling, infrared energy, polymer matrix

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