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      Prevalencia de anemia, deficiencia de hierro y folatos en niños menores de siete años. Costa Rica, 1996

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          Abstract

          En 1996, se estudiaron en Costa Rica 961 niños con edades comprendidas entre uno y seis años, con representación por zona metropolitana, resto urbano y rural del país. Se aplicaron los criterios de clasificación emitidos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La población preescolar presentó en el ámbito nacional una prevalencia de anemia del 26,3 % (niños de 1 a 4 años con hemoglobina <11,0 g/dL y los de 5 a 6 años de edad con hemoglobina <12,0 g/dL). La prevalencia de reservas de hierro depletadas (ferritina <12 ng/mL) y deficiencia de hierro (Ferritina <24 ng/mL) fueron de 24,4% y 53,8%, respectivamente. La deficiencia de folatos (<6,0 ng/mL) fue de 11,4%. La deficiencia de hierro fue mayor en niños menores de 4 años, encontrándose la máxima deficiencia en los niños de 1 año de edad (75%). Más del 40% de los niños preescolares presentaron deficiencia sub-clínica de hierro; de ellos, el 10% mostró deficiencia severa de hierro sin presencia de anemia. Los niños de la zona rural presentaron la mayor prevalencia de anemia y reservas de hierro depletadas, mientras que en la zona metropolitana se encontró con más frecuencia deficiencia de hierro. Las anemias nutricionales aún constituyen un problema moderado de salud pública en Costa Rica. La principal causa es la deficiencia de hierro, asociada en menor proporción con la deficiencia de folatos y otros factores asociados con la eritropoyesis

          Translated abstract

          Prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and folate in children smaller than seven years. Costa Rica, 1996. In 1996, were studied in Costa Rica 961 children with ages between one and six years, with representation for metropolitan, urban and rural zones of the country. The classification approaches applied were emitted by the Pan-American Health Organization and the World Health Organization. The preschooler population presented in the national environment a prevalence of anemia of 26,3% (children from 1 to 4 years with hemoglobin < 11,0 g/dL and those from 5 to 6 years old with hemoglobin < 12,0 g/dL). The prevalence of Iron depletion (Ferritin< 12 ng/mL) and iron deficiency (Ferritin < 24 ng/mL) were 24,4% and 53,8%, respectively. The folate deficiency (< 6,0 ng/mL) was 11,4%. The iron deficiency was higher in children smaller than 4 years, being the maximum deficiency in the 1 year-old (75%). More than 40% of the preschool children presented sub-clinical deficiency of iron; of them, 10% showed severe deficiency of iron without presence of anemia. The children from the rural area presented the highest prevalence of anemia and iron depletion, while the metropolitan area met more frequency with iron deficiency. The nutritional anemias still constitute a moderate problem of public health in Costa Rica. The main cause is iron deficiency, associated in small proportion with folate deficiency and other factors associated with the erythropoiesis

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          Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency.

          Iron-deficiency anemia has been associated with lowered scores on tests of mental and motor development in infancy. However, the long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency is unknown, because developmental tests in infancy do not predict later intellectual functioning. This study is a follow-up evaluation of a group of Costa Rican children whose iron status and treatment were documented in infancy. Eighty-five percent (163) of the 191 children in the original group underwent comprehensive clinical, nutritional, and psychoeducational assessments at five years of age. The developmental test battery consisted of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, the Spanish version of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, the Beery Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Man Test, and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. All the children had excellent hematologic status and growth at five years of age. However, children who had moderately severe iron-deficiency anemia as infants, with hemoglobin levels less than or equal to 100 g per liter, had lower scores on tests of mental and motor functioning at school entry than the rest of the children. Although these children also came from less socioeconomically advantaged homes, their test scores remained significantly lower than those of the other children after we controlled for a comprehensive set of background factors. For example, the mean (+/- SD) adjusted Woodcock-Johnson preschool cluster score for the children who had moderate anemia in infancy (n = 30) was 448.6 +/- 9.7, as compared with 452.9 +/- 9.2 for the rest of the children (n = 133) (P less than 0.01); the adjusted visual-motor integration score was 5.9 +/- 2.1, as compared with 6.7 +/- 2.3 (P less than 0.05). Children who have iron-deficiency anemia in infancy are at risk for long-lasting developmental disadvantage as compared with their peers with better iron status.
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            Maternal plasma folate and vitamin B12 are independent risk factors for neural tube defects.

            Blood was taken at the first antenatal clinic from 56,049 pregnant women. Neural tube defect (NTD) pregnancies (81) were compared to controls (247) for plasma vitamin B12 (B12) (ng/l), plasma folate (microgram/l), and red cell folate (RCF) (microgram/l). Median values were significantly different and were, respectively, 243 and 296 (p = 0.001); 3.47 and 4.59 (p = 0.002); and 269 and 338 (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between plasma B12 and RCF in cases (r = 0.31, p = 0.004) but not in controls (r = 0.02, p = 0.725). In cases only, multiple regression showed that both plasma B12 and plasma folate influenced the maternal RCF (multiple r = 0.68, p < 0.001). Plasma folate and plasma B12 were independent risk factors for NTDs, suggesting that the enzyme methionine synthase is involved directly or indirectly in the aetiology. The levels of folate and B12 where increased risk occurred were not those usually associated with deficiency, calling for a re-evaluation of their recommended daily allowances. Whether the aetiology is purely nutritional or a metabolic defect, this study suggests that consideration should be given to including B12 as well as folic acid in any programme of supplementation or food fortification to prevent NTDs.
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              Statistical methods for rates and proportions

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: COORD
                Role: COORD
                Role: COORD
                Role: COORD
                Journal
                alan
                Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición
                ALAN
                Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición (Caracas )
                0004-0622
                March 2001
                : 51
                : 1
                : 37-43
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutricion y Salud Inciensa Costa Rica
                Article
                S0004-06222001000100005
                0a7ffd0b-51be-4875-9e87-081178e36510

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-0622&lng=en
                Categories
                NUTRITION & DIETETICS

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                Anemia,erythropoiesis,iron,folate,ferritin,nutritional deficiency,eritropoyesis,hierro,folatos,ferritina,deficiencia nutricional

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