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      Knowledge about breast cancer and reasons for late presentation by cancer patients seen at Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          In Botswana, breast cancer, the second most common malignancy amongst women, is often diagnosed late, with 90% of patients presenting at advanced stages at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) Gaborone, the only referral hospital with an operational oncology department. The reasons for this late presentation have not been studied. Determination of these reasons is critical for the formulation of strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality from breast cancer in Botswana. The aim of this study was to explore existing knowledge about breast cancer and the reasons for late presentation amongst patients attending the oncology unit of Princess Marina Hospital.

          Method

          A descriptive qualitative study using free attitude interview was performed. Twelve breast cancer sufferers were purposefully selected and eleven interviews conducted. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim and translated. Thematic analysis of data was performed.

          Results

          This study found that breast cancer sufferers had had poor knowledge of the disease prior to the diagnosis. Their knowledge improved markedly during their attendance to the oncology clinic. Screening methods such as breast self-examination (BSE) were not used frequently. The majority of participants had delayed going to the hospital because of a lack of knowledge, fear of the diagnosis and fear of death, misinterpretation of the signs, the influence of lay beliefs and advice from the community. In some cases, however, advice from family and friends resulted in a timely medical consultation. The poor clinical practices of some health workers and the inadequate involvement by decision makers regarding the issue of cancer awareness discouraged patients from seeking and adhering to appropriate therapy.

          Conclusions

          Awareness and knowledge of breast cancer was found to be poor amongst sufferers prior to their diagnosis, but their awareness and knowledge improved after the diagnosis. There was limited use of screening methods and a generally delayed seeking of medical attention. The need for increased awareness and use of screening practices was identified to be essential for early diagnosis of the disease and for improved outcomes of breast cancer management in Botswana.

          Abstrait

          Connaissances sur le cancer du sein et les raisons de la présentation tardive de patients atteints de cancer observés à l'hôpital Princess Marina, Gaborone, Botswana

          Introduction

          Au Botswana, le cancer du sein, la deuxième cause d'infections malignes chez les femmes, est souvent diagnostiqué tardivement, 90% des patientes se présentant à un stade avancé de la maladie à l'hôpital Princess Marina (PMH) de Gaborone, l'unique hôpital de référence doté d'un service d'oncologie. Les raisons de cette présentation tardive n'ont pas été étudiées. Il est essentiel que ces raisons soient déterminées afin de pouvoir formuler des stratégies destinées à réduire la morbidité et la mortalité associées au cancer du sein au Botswana. L'objectif de cette étude était d’étudier les connaissances actuelles sur le cancer du sein et les raisons de la présentation tardive des patientes se rendant au service d'oncologie de l'hôpital Princess Marina.

          Méthode

          Une étude qualitative descriptive avec entretien non directif a été utilisée. Douze femmes souffrant d'un cancer du sein ont été volontairement sélectionnées et onze entretiens ont été réalisés. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés, transcrits mot à mot et traduits. Une analyse thématique des données a été réalisée.

          Résultats

          Cette étude a révélé que les personnes souffrant de cancers du seins connaissaient mal la maladie avant qu'elle ne soit diagnostiquée. L’étendue de leurs connaissances s'est considérablement améliorée durant leur visite au service d'oncologie. Les méthodes de dépistage telles que l'autopalpation des seins n’étaient pas utilisées fréquemment. La majorité des participants ont retardé leur visite à l'hôpital en raison d'un manque de connaissances, de la peur du diagnostic et de la peur de la mort, d'une mauvaise interprétation des signes, de l'influence des croyances établies et des conseils fournis par la communauté. Cependant, dans certains cas, les conseils de la famille et des amis leur ont permis de consulter à temps. Les mauvaises pratiques cliniques de certains travailleurs de la santé et l'implication inadéquate des décideurs quant au problème de la sensibilisation au cancer ont découragé les patientes de rechercher une thérapie appropriée et de la suivre.

          Conclusions

          D'après cette étude, la sensibilisation au cancer du sein et les connaissances sur la maladie font défaut chez les malades avant qu'elles ne soient diagnostiquées, mais leur sensibilisation et les connaissances s'améliorent une fois le diagnostic prononcé. Le recours aux méthodes de dépistage était limité et la recherche de soins médicaux était généralement retardée. Il est essentiel d'améliorer la sensibilisation et d'utiliser des pratiques de dépistage en vue d'un diagnostic précoce de la maladie ou de meilleurs résultats du traitement du cancer du sein au Botswana.

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          Most cited references13

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          Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.

          Endogenous hormones are a primary cause of breast cancer. Adiposity affects circulating hormones, particularly in postmenopausal women, and may be a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. To assess the associations of adult weight change since age 18 years and since menopause with the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Prospective cohort study within the Nurses' Health Study. A total of 87,143 postmenopausal women, aged 30 to 55 years and free of cancer, were followed up for up to 26 years (1976-2002) to assess weight change since age 18 years. Weight change since menopause was assessed among 49,514 women who were followed up for up to 24 years. Incidence of invasive breast cancer. Overall, 4393 cases of invasive breast cancer were documented. Compared with those who maintained weight, women who gained 25.0 kg or more since age 18 years were at an increased risk of breast cancer (relative risk [RR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-1.66; P<.001 for trend), with a stronger association among women who have never taken postmenopausal hormones (RR,1.98; 95% CI, 1.55-2.53). Compared with weight maintenance, women who gained 10.0 kg or more since menopause were at an increased risk of breast cancer (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.35; P = .002 for trend). Women who had never used postmenopausal hormones, lost 10.0 kg or more since menopause, and kept the weight off were at a lower risk than those who maintained weight (RR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.86; P = .01 for weight loss trend). Overall, 15.0% (95% CI, 12.8%-17.4%) of breast cancer cases in this population may be attributable to weight gain of 2.0 kg or more since age 18 years and 4.4% (95% CI, 3.6%-5.5%) attributable to weight gain of 2.0 kg or more since menopause. Among those who did not use postmenopausal hormones, the population attributable risks are 24.2% (95% CI, 19.8%-29.1%) for a weight gain since age 18 years and 7.6% (95% CI, 5.9%-9.7%) for weight gain since menopause. These data suggest that weight gain during adult life, specifically since menopause, increases the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women, whereas weight loss after menopause is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Thus, in addition to other known benefits of healthy weight, our results provide another reason for women approaching menopause to maintain or lose weight, as appropriate.
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            Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer: A cross-sectional study

            Background Late presentation of patients at advanced stages when little or no benefit can be derived from any form of therapy is the hallmark of breast cancer in Nigerian women. Recent global cancer statistics indicate rising global incidence of breast cancer and the increase is occurring at a faster rate in populations of the developing countries that hitherto enjoyed low incidence of the disease. Worried by this prevailing situation and with recent data suggesting that health behavior may be influenced by level of awareness about breast cancer, a cross-sectional study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of community-dwelling women in Nigeria towards breast cancer. Methods One thousand community-dwelling women from a semi-urban neighborhood in Nigeria were recruited for the study in January and February 2000 using interviewer-administered questionnaires designed to elicit sociodemographic information and knowledge, attitude and practices of these women towards breast cancer. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 8.2. Results Study participants had poor knowledge of breast cancer. Mean knowledge score was 42.3% and only 214 participants (21.4%) knew that breast cancer presents commonly as a painless breast lump. Practice of breast self examination (BSE) was low; only 432 participants (43.2%) admitted to carrying out the procedure in the past year. Only 91 study participants (9.1%) had clinical breast examination (CBE) in the past year. Women with higher level of education (X2 = 80.66, p < 0.0001) and those employed in professional jobs (X2 = 47.11, p < 0.0001) were significantly more knowledgeable about breast cancer. Participants with higher level of education were 3.6 times more likely to practice BSE (Odds ratio [OR] = 3.56, 95% Confidence interval [CI] 2.58–4.92). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that community-dwelling women in Nigeria have poor knowledge of breast cancer and minority practice BSE and CBE. In addition, education appears to be the major determinant of level of knowledge and health behavior among the study participants. We recommend the establishment and sustenance of institutional framework and policy guidelines that will enhance adequate and urgent dissemination of information about breast cancer to all women in Nigeria.
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              Breast cancer incidence in South Africa.

              Cancer in South Africa is an emerging health problem, with breast cancer being one of the leading cancers in women, following similar worldwide statistics. Lifetime risks of developing breast cancer vary from a low of one in 81 in African women (similar to Japan) to a high of one in 13 among white women, similar to rates in Western countries. Age and stage at diagnosis vary considerably between the different races and populations (urban v rural) living in South Africa. Many different determinants (socioeconomic, cultural, geographic accessibility to medical centers with oncologic services, availability of traditional healers, and so on) affect patients with breast cancer (mainly rural black women) in their decisions to obtain early medical help as well as to refrain from the proposed therapeutic methods (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy). A brief overview of breast cancer in South Africa with special reference to some of the above determinants is presented.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med
                Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med
                PHCFM
                African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine
                AOSIS OpenJournals
                2071-2928
                2071-2936
                02 October 2013
                2013
                : 5
                : 1
                : 465
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Family Medicine & Primary Health Care, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), South Africa
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: John Tumbo, Email: tumbo@ 123456lantic.net , Postal address: PO Box 222, Medunsa 0204, South Africa

                How to cite this article: Mbuka-Ongona D, Tumbo JM. Knowledge about breast cancer and reasons for late presentation by cancer patients seen at Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2013;5(1), Art. #465, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v5i1.465

                Article
                PHCFM-5-465
                10.4102/phcfm.v5i1.465
                4502871
                0c12f52f-6a5e-414a-8c3a-85bc2cd1d0f3
                © 2013. The Authors

                AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

                History
                : 20 June 2012
                : 04 November 2012
                Categories
                Original Research

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