Descompresión subacromial por vía artroscópica

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Abstract

Fundamento: la compresión subacromial constituye la causa más frecuente de dolor en el hombro, su tratamiento puede variar del conservador al quirúrgico, sin embargo, en relación al tratamiento quirúrgico, el realizado por la vía artroscópica es superior en resultados estéticos y funcionales. Objetivo: profundizar en la compresión subacromial y la importancia de la descompresión de este compartimiento mediante la vía artroscópica. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica acerca del tema de un total de 570 artículos publicados en las bases de datos Pubmed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 56 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 53 de ellas de los últimos cinco años donde se incluyeron tres libros. La búsqueda de la información se realizó en un período de dos meses del 1ro de febrero al 31 de marzo de 2016. Se emplearon las siguientes palabras: subacromial compression y arthroscopic subacromial decompression. Desarrollo: se abordan los factores participantes en la compresión subacromial divididos en intrínsecos, extrínsecos y secundarios. Se hace referencia al cuadro clínico de estos enfermos con especial énfasis en las maniobras más empleadas. En relación al tratamiento quirúrgico se describen las dos variedades de tratamiento por la vía artroscópica, así como las complicaciones más frecuentes. Conclusiones: la descompresión subacromial por la vía artroscópica es efectiva en pacientes con compresión subacromial, es un método factible con un mínimo de complicaciones.

Translated abstract

Background: subacromial compression is the most common cause of shoulder pain. Its treatment varies from conservative to surgical. However, surgical treatment by arthroscopy is better in regards to functional and cosmetic points of view. Objective: to deepen into the importance of subacromial decompression by arthroscopy in patients with subacromial compression. Methods: a search in the databases Pubmed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline was carried out through the management information software EndNote by using the words subacromial compression and arthroscopic subacromial decompression, resulting in a total of 570 articles, in which 56 of them were selected for review, 53 of them in the last five years, including three books. Development: important aspects related to subacromial compression causes were described and divided in intrinsic, extrinsic, and secondary. Specific maneuvers and clinical presentation were pointed. In regards to surgical treatment, a couple of arthroscopic surgical modalities were described as well as complications. Conclusions: arthroscopic subacromial decompression is an effective surgical modality in patients suffering from subacromial compression; it’s a safe procedure with few complications.

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Comparing surgical repair with conservative treatment for degenerative rotator cuff tears: a randomized controlled trial.

Rinco Koorevaar, Jos J. A. M. van Raay, Frederik Lambers Heerspink … (2015)

Good clinical results have been reported for both surgical and conservative treatment of rotator cuff tears. The primary aim of this randomized controlled trial was to compare functional and radiologic improvement after surgical and conservative treatment of degenerative rotator cuff tears.

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Rotator cuff tears: An evidence based approach

Senthil Sambandam (2015)

Lesions of the rotator cuff (RC) are a common occurrence affecting millions of people across all parts of the globe. RC tears are also rampantly prevalent with an age-dependent increase in numbers. Other associated factors include a history of trauma, limb dominance, contralateral shoulder, smoking-status, hypercholesterolemia, posture and occupational dispositions. The challenge lies in early diagnosis since a high proportion of patients are asymptomatic. Pain and decreasing shoulder power and function should alert the heedful practitioner in recognizing promptly the onset or aggravation of existing RC tears. Partial-thickness tears (PTT) can be bursal-sided or articular-sided tears. Over the course of time, PTT enlarge and propagate into full-thickness tears (FTT) and develop distinct chronic pathological changes due to muscle retraction, fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy. These lead to a reduction in tendon elasticity and viability. Eventually, the glenohumeral joint experiences a series of degenerative alterations - cuff tear arthropathy. To avert this, a vigilant clinician must utilize and corroborate clinical skill and radiological findings to identify tear progression. Modern radio-diagnostic means of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging provide excellent visualization of structural details and are crucial in determining further course of action for these patients. Physical therapy along with activity modifications, anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications form the pillars of nonoperative treatment. Elderly patients with minimal functional demands can be managed conservatively and reassessed at frequent intervals. Regular monitoring helps in isolating patients who require surgical interventions. Early surgery should be considered in younger, active and symptomatic, healthy patients. In addition to being cost-effective, this helps in providing a functional shoulder with a stable cuff. An easily reproducible technique of maximal strength and sturdiness should by chosen among the armamentarium of the shoulder surgeon. Grade 1 PTTs do well with debridement while more severe lesions mandate repair either by trans-tendon technique or repair following conversion into FTT. Early repair of repairable FTT can avoid appearance and progression of disability and weakness. The choice of surgery varies from surgeon-to-surgeon with arthroscopy taking the lead in the current scenario. The double-row repairs have an edge over the single-row technique in some patients especially those with massive tears. Stronger, cost-effective and improved functional scores can be obtained by the former. Both early and delayed postoperative rehabilitation programmes have led to comparable outcomes. Guarded results may be anticipated in patients in extremes of age, presence of comorbidities and severe tear patters. Overall, satisfactory results are obtained with timely diagnosis and execution of the appropriate treatment modality.