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      Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at admission is associated with a worse outcome in older patients with hip fracture who undergo surgical treatment Translated title: El filtrado glomerular bajo al ingreso se relaciona con un peor pronóstico en pacientes mayores con fractura de cadera tratados quirúrgicamente

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          Abstract

          Background:

          We assessed the relationship of estimated glomerular filtration rate values at hospital admission on the outcome of surgically treated older adults who had suffered a hip fracture.

          Methods:

          Prospective study that included patients > 65 years of age, surgically treated for primary hip fracture, with no pathologic or high-energy trauma aetiology admitted to a tertiary teaching hospital between 2018 and 2019. We stratified patients based on their estimated glomerular filtration rate at admission and examined its association to demographic and clinical variables, including 90-day post-discharge mortality.

          Results:

          The study included 942 hip fracture patients. Lowered estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly associated to a worsening of the functional status, higher incidence of medical postoperative complications, higher postoperative renal dysfunction, and greater number of blood transfusions. Mortality displayed a staircase pattern, increasing with decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate. Patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 had significantly higher mortality at 90 days after discharge. In-hospital mortality rate was 10.7% in hip fracture patients with chronic kidney disease who experienced a significant variation in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (>5 mL/min/1.73m 2) on admission in comparison to baseline values.

          Conclusion:

          Older adult patients treated for hip fracture with lower glomerular filtration rate values have poorer functional status and worse prognosis. A significant clinical variation of estimated glomerular filtration rate upon hospital admission for hip fracture may be associated with increased in-hospital mortality of chronic kidney disease patients.

          Resumen

          Fundamento:

          Evaluar la influencia de los valores de filtrado glomerular estimado (eFG) al ingreso en el pronóstico de los pacientes mayores con fractura de cadera tratados quirúrgicamente.

          Métodos:

          Estudio prospectivo de pacientes >65 años, tratados quirúrgicamente por una fractura de cadera primaria, sin etiología tumoral o traumatismo de alta energía, en un hospital universitario terciario entre 2018 y 2019. Estratificamos a los pacientes según el FG al ingreso y estudiamos su asociación con distintas variables demográficas y clínicas, incluida la mortalidad hasta 90 días después del alta hospitalaria.

          Resultados:

          Se incluyeron 942 pacientes. La disminución del eFG se asoció significativamente a peor estado funcional, mayor incidencia de complicaciones médicas postoperatorias, mayor disfunción renal postoperatoria y mayor necesidad de transfusión sanguínea. La mortalidad mostró un patrón en escalera que aumentaba con la disminución del eFG. A los 90 días, la mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en pacientes con eFG <60. Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica que sufrían una fractura de cadera y experimentan al ingreso una variación significativa del eFG (>5 mL/min/1,73m 2) respecto a los valores basales mostraron una tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria del 10,7%.

          Conclusiones:

          Los pacientes ancianos tratados quirúrgicamente por fractura de cadera con valores más bajos de tasa de eFG presentan peor estado funcional y peor pronóstico. Una variación clínica significativa del FG (>5) en el momento del ingreso hospitalario tras una fractura de cadera podría asociarse a un aumento de la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica.

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          Most cited references28

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          A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate.

          Equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are routinely used to assess kidney function. Current equations have limited precision and systematically underestimate measured GFR at higher values. To develop a new estimating equation for GFR: the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Cross-sectional analysis with separate pooled data sets for equation development and validation and a representative sample of the U.S. population for prevalence estimates. Research studies and clinical populations ("studies") with measured GFR and NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), 1999 to 2006. 8254 participants in 10 studies (equation development data set) and 3896 participants in 16 studies (validation data set). Prevalence estimates were based on 16,032 participants in NHANES. GFR, measured as the clearance of exogenous filtration markers (iothalamate in the development data set; iothalamate and other markers in the validation data set), and linear regression to estimate the logarithm of measured GFR from standardized creatinine levels, sex, race, and age. In the validation data set, the CKD-EPI equation performed better than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation, especially at higher GFR (P < 0.001 for all subsequent comparisons), with less bias (median difference between measured and estimated GFR, 2.5 vs. 5.5 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)), improved precision (interquartile range [IQR] of the differences, 16.6 vs. 18.3 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)), and greater accuracy (percentage of estimated GFR within 30% of measured GFR, 84.1% vs. 80.6%). In NHANES, the median estimated GFR was 94.5 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (IQR, 79.7 to 108.1) vs. 85.0 (IQR, 72.9 to 98.5) mL/min per 1.73 m(2), and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 11.5% (95% CI, 10.6% to 12.4%) versus 13.1% (CI, 12.1% to 14.0%). The sample contained a limited number of elderly people and racial and ethnic minorities with measured GFR. The CKD-EPI creatinine equation is more accurate than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation and could replace it for routine clinical use. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
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            Effect of comorbidities and postoperative complications on mortality after hip fracture in elderly people: prospective observational cohort study.

            To evaluate postoperative medical complications and the association between these complications and mortality at 30 days and one year after surgery for hip fracture and to examine the association between preoperative comorbidity and the risk of postoperative complications and mortality. Prospective observational cohort study. University teaching hospital. 2448 consecutive patients admitted with an acute hip fracture over a four year period. We excluded 358 patients: all those aged < 60; those with periprosthetic fractures, pathological fractures, and fractures treated without surgery; and patients who died before surgery. Routine care for hip fractures. Postoperative complications and mortality at 30 days and one year. Mortality was 9.6% at 30 days and 33% at one year. The most common postoperative complications were chest infection (9%) and heart failure (5%). In patients who developed postoperative heart failure mortality was 65% at 30 days (hazard ratio 16.1, 95% confidence interval 12.2 to 21.3). Of these patients, 92% were dead by one year (11.3, 9.1 to 14.0). In patients who developed a postoperative chest infection mortality at 30 days was 43% (8.5, 6.6 to 11.1). Significant preoperative variables for increased mortality at 30 days included the presence of three or more comorbidities (2.5, 1.6 to 3.9), respiratory disease (1.8, 1.3 to 2.5), and malignancy (1.5, 1.01 to 2.3). In elderly people with hip fracture, the presence of three or more comorbidities is the strongest preoperative risk factor. Chest infection and heart failure are the most common postoperative complications and lead to increased mortality. These groups offer a clear target for specialist medical assessment.
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              Increased risk of hip fracture among patients with end-stage renal disease.

              Although patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at increased risk for bone loss, the risk of hip fracture in this population is not known. We compared the risk of hip fracture among dialysis patients with the general population. We used data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) to identify all new Caucasian dialysis patients who began dialysis between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1996. All hip fractures occurring during this time period were ascertained. The observed number of hip fractures was compared with the expected number based on the experience of residents of Olmstead County (MN, USA). Standardized incidence ratios were calculated as the ratio between observed and expected. The risk attributable to ESRD was calculated as the difference between the observed and expected rate of hip fracture per 1000 person-years. The number of dialysis patients was 326,464 (55.9% male and 44.1% female). There were 6542 hip fractures observed during the follow-up period of 643, 831 patient years. The overall incidence of hip fracture was 7.45 per 1000 person years for males and 13.63 per 1000 person years for females. The overall relative risk for hip fracture was 4.44 (95% CI, 4.16 to 4.75) for male dialysis patients and 4.40 (95% CI, 4.17 to 4.64) for female dialysis patients compared with people of the same sex in the general population. While the age-specific relative risk of hip fracture was highest in the youngest age groups, the added risks of fracture associated with dialysis rose steadily with increasing age. The relative risk of hip fracture increased as time since first dialysis increased. The overall risk of hip fracture among Caucasian patients with ESRD is considerably higher than in the general population, independent of age and gender.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Methodology and Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing - Original draft preparationRole: Writing -Reviewing and Editing
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Methodology and Data curationRole: Writing -Reviewing and Editing
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing - Original draft preparationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing - Reviewing and Editing
                Journal
                An Sist Sanit Navar
                An Sist Sanit Navar
                assn
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud
                1137-6627
                2340-3527
                27 April 2023
                Jan-Apr 2023
                : 46
                : 1
                : e1036
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL). Salamanca. España. orgnameInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca Salamanca, España
                [2 ] originalServicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología. Hospital Universitario de Salamanca. Salamanca. España. orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología orgnameHospital Universitario de Salamanca Salamanca, España
                Author notes
                [Corresponding author: ] Juan Francisco Blanco jfblanco@ 123456usal.es

                Conflict of interest: All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2290-126X
                http://orcid.org/0009-0006-0209-7223
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-1179
                Article
                10.23938/ASSN.1036
                10227383
                37166235
                0c4c851c-0cab-4cad-97fb-bee9eb708b5a

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 23 August 2022
                : 02 November 2022
                : 03 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 0
                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                egfr,hip fracture,mortality,outcome,postoperative complications,efg,fractura de cadera,mortalidad,pronóstico,complicaciones postoperatorias

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