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      Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Among General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

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          Abstract

          Background

          Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects 10-20% of the global population, primarily manifesting as functional issues leading to abdominal discomfort. Key contributors like genetics, psychological factors, weakened immunity, and environmental pollutants play significant roles. Regional variations exist, with prevalence rates ranging from 7-10% in certain areas like South Asia and the Middle East to as high as 20% in many Western countries.

          Objective

          The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and its related risk factors among the general populace of the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, aiming to offer valuable insights for healthcare planning and intervention strategies.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, utilizing a validated self-administered questionnaire among residents of the Qassim region aged over 18 years. The questionnaire included demographic information about the participants and the validated Rome IV questionnaire for IBS in adults. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Qassim Research Ethics Committee, and data analysis was conducted using R script language version 4.3.3. A significance level of p < 0.05 was employed to interpret the results.

          Results

          Overall, significant associations were observed between IBS diagnosis and food allergy (AOR = 2.34, 99% CI: 1.27-4.29), family history of IBS (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) = 7.03, 99% CI: 3.51-15.74), and abdominal pain lasting more than six months (AOR = 2.54, 99% CI: 1.49-4.33).

          Conclusion

          This study highlights a high IBS prevalence (21.4%) in Saudi Arabia's Qassim region. While no overall soda-IBS link was found, males showed a protective effect. Significant associations were noted between food allergy, family history, and abdominal pain with IBS diagnosis, especially among females. Further research on gender disparities and familial and abdominal pain roles in IBS management is warranted.

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          Most cited references21

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          Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis.

          Rebecca M. Lovell, Alexander Ford (2012)
          Many cross-sectional surveys have reported the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but there have been no recent systematic review of data from all studies to determine its global prevalence and risk factors. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and EMBASE Classic were searched (until October 2011) to identify population-based studies that reported the prevalence of IBS in adults (≥15 years old); IBS was defined by using specific symptom-based criteria or questionnaires. The prevalence of IBS was extracted for all studies and based on the criteria used to define it. Pooled prevalence, according to study location and certain other characteristics, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Of the 390 citations evaluated, 81 reported the prevalence of IBS in 80 separate study populations containing 260,960 subjects. Pooled prevalence in all studies was 11.2% (95% CI, 9.8%-12.8%). The prevalence varied according to country (from 1.1% to 45.0%) and criteria used to define IBS. The greatest prevalence values were calculated when ≥3 Manning criteria were used (14%; 95% CI, 10.0%-17.0%); by using the Rome I and Rome II criteria, prevalence values were 8.8% (95% CI, 6.8%-11.2%) and 9.4% (95% CI, 7.8%-11.1%), respectively. The prevalence was higher for women than men (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.53-1.82) and lower for individuals older than 50 years, compared with those younger than 50 (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.92). There was no effect of socioeconomic status, but only 4 studies reported these data. The prevalence of IBS varies among countries, as well as criteria used to define its presence. Women are at slightly higher risk for IBS than men. The effects of socioeconomic status have not been well described. Copyright © 2012 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome After Infectious Enteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

            Fabiane B. Klem, Akhilesh Wadhwa, Larry Prokop … (2017)
            Foodborne illness affects 15% of the US population each year, and is a risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We evaluated risk of, risk factors for, and outcomes of IBS after infectious enteritis.
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              Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic Dichotomy

              Uday C Ghoshal, Ratnakar Shukla, Ujjala Ghoshal (2017)
              The pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), once thought to be largely psychogenic in origin, is now understood to be multifactorial. One of the reasons for this paradigm shift is the realization that gut dysbiosis, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), causes IBS symptoms. Between 4% and 78% of patients with IBS and 1% and 40% of controls have SIBO; such wide variations in prevalence might result from population differences, IBS diagnostic criteria, and, most importantly, methods to diagnose SIBO. Although quantitative jejunal aspirate culture is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of SIBO, noninvasive hydrogen breath tests have been popular. Although the glucose hydrogen breath test is highly specific, its sensitivity is low; in contrast, the early-peak criteria in the lactulose hydrogen breath test are highly nonspecific. Female gender, older age, diarrhea-predominant IBS, bloating and flatulence, proton pump inhibitor and narcotic intake, and low hemoglobin are associated with SIBO among IBS patients. Several therapeutic trials targeting gut microbes using antibiotics and probiotics have further demonstrated that not all symptoms in patients with IBS originate in the brain but rather in the gut, providing support for the micro-organic basis of IBS. A recent proof-of-concept study showing the high frequency of symptom improvement in patients with IBS with SIBO further supports this hypothesis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cureus
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cureus
                Journal ID (issn): 2168-8184
                Title: Cureus
                Publisher: Cureus (Palo Alto (CA) )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2168-8184
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 2 April 2024
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): April 2024
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e57493
                Affiliations
                [1 ] College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
                [2 ] College of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
                [3 ] Gastroenterology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, SAU
                Author notes
                Ahmed S. Almuzaini ah.m6892@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57493
                PMC ID: 11068117
                PubMed ID: 38707106
                SO-VID: 0c5886d1-18c2-4023-8b83-c80afd529f63
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024, Almuzaini et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date accepted : 2 April 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Family/General Practice
                Subject: Gastroenterology
                Subject: Internal Medicine

                Keywords: saudi arabia,rome iv questionnaire,painful bowel movement,ibs family history,irritable bowel syndrome,food allergy,abdominal pain
                Data availability:
                Keywords: saudi arabia, rome iv questionnaire, painful bowel movement, ibs family history, irritable bowel syndrome, food allergy, abdominal pain

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