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      Pharmaceutical and biological properties of Stachys species: A review

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          Abstract

          Abstract The genus Stachys includes about 300 cosmopolitan species, making it one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of Stachys species in the flora of Serbia among which some species are endemic to the Balkan Peninsula. This review comprises morphological, phytochemical, medicinal and food application of 17 taxa: S. аlopecuros, S. аlpina, S. аnisochila, S. аnnua, S. аtherocalyx, S. cretica subsp. cassia, S. germanica, S. leucoglossa, S. milanii, S. officinalis, S. palustris, S. plumose, S. recta, S. tymphaea, S. scardica, S. serbica, and S. sylvatica. The species of the genus Stachys are rich sources of biologically active substances and well known for their worldwide application. For most of the Stachys species, it has been shown that their extracts possess biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer. The main goals of this review include the morphological description of species, representation of the major secondary metabolites, and presentation of traditional knowledge in food preparation.

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          Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review.

          Sara A. Burt, Victor Zinchuk (2004)
          In vitro studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella dysenteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at levels between 0.2 and 10 microl ml(-1). Gram-negative organisms are slightly less susceptible than gram-positive bacteria. A number of EO components has been identified as effective antibacterials, e.g. carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid, having minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.05-5 microl ml(-1) in vitro. A higher concentration is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Studies with fresh meat, meat products, fish, milk, dairy products, vegetables, fruit and cooked rice have shown that the concentration needed to achieve a significant antibacterial effect is around 0.5-20 microl g(-1) in foods and about 0.1-10 microl ml(-1) in solutions for washing fruit and vegetables. EOs comprise a large number of components and it is likely that their mode of action involves several targets in the bacterial cell. The hydrophobicity of EOs enables them to partition in the lipids of the cell membrane and mitochondria, rendering them permeable and leading to leakage of cell contents. Physical conditions that improve the action of EOs are low pH, low temperature and low oxygen levels. Synergism has been observed between carvacrol and its precursor p-cymene and between cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Synergy between EO components and mild preservation methods has also been observed. Some EO components are legally registered flavourings in the EU and the USA. Undesirable organoleptic effects can be limited by careful selection of EOs according to the type of food.
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            Phytochemical profile of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis extracts and correlation to their antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity.

            Vassiliki G Kontogianni, Goran Tomic, Ivana Nikolic … (2013)
            The goal of this study was to monitor the anti-proliferative activity of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis extracts against cancer cells and to correlate this activity with their phytochemical profiles using liquid chromatography/diode array detection/electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC/DAD/ESI-MS(n)). For the quantitative estimation of triterpenic acids in the crude extracts an NMR based methodology was used and compared with the HPLC measurements, both applied for the first time, for the case of betulinic acid. Both extracts exerted cytotoxic activity through dose-dependent impairment of viability and mitochondrial activity of rat insulinoma m5F (RINm5F) cells. Decrease of RINm5F viability was mediated by nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis. Importantly, these extracts potentiated NO and TNF-α release from macrophages therefore enhancing their cytocidal action. The rosemary extract developed more pronounced antioxidant, cytotoxic and immunomodifying activities, probably due to the presence of betulinic acid and a higher concentration of carnosic acid in its phytochemical profile. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              A review of plants used in folk veterinary medicine in Italy as basis for a databank.

              Lucia Viegi, Andrea Pieroni, R Vangelisti … (2003)
              We report folk veterinary phytotherapy in Italy collected from ethnobotanical scientific literature of the second half of the 20th Century. References are cited together with unpublished data gathered recently in the field by the authors. The data have been placed in two databases: one organized by the names of the plant species (> 260) and the other organized by bibliographic references. This represents the basis for the first national databank for ethnoveterinary botany in Europe. Plants not yet sufficiently studied in pharmacology and veterinary phytotherapy were also identified.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): bjps
                Title: Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
                Abbreviated Title: Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.
                Publisher: Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2175-9790
                Publication date (Print and electronic): 2022
                Volume: 58
                Electronic Location Identifier: e20211
                Affiliations
                [1] Kragujevac orgnameUniversity of Kragujevac orgdiv1Faculty of Science orgdiv2Department of Biology and Ecology Republic of Serbia
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1984-82502022000100835 Publisher ID: S1984-8250(22)05800000835
                DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20211
                SO-VID: 0c7aac48-c676-4536-a4bc-5a07df7b0d02
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date accepted : 19 November 2020
                Date received : 24 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 78, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: Secondary metabolites,Essential oils,Medicinal application,Morphology
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Secondary metabolites, Essential oils, Medicinal application, Morphology

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