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      Extending the clinical capabilities of short- and long-lived positron-emitting radionuclides through high sensitivity PET/CT

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          Abstract

          This review describes the main benefits of using long axial field of view (LAFOV) PET in clinical applications. As LAFOV PET is the latest development in PET instrumentation, many studies are ongoing that explore the potentials of these systems, which are characterized by ultra-high sensitivity. This review not only provides an overview of the published clinical applications using LAFOV PET so far, but also provides insight in clinical applications that are currently under investigation. Apart from the straightforward reduction in acquisition times or administered amount of radiotracer, LAFOV PET also allows for other clinical applications that to date were mostly limited to research, e.g., dual tracer imaging, whole body dynamic PET imaging, omission of CT in serial PET acquisition for repeat imaging, and studying molecular interactions between organ systems. It is expected that this generation of PET systems will significantly advance the field of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging.

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          Cardiorenal syndrome.

          Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Andrew House … (2008)
          The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) increasingly has been used without a consistent or well-accepted definition. To include the vast array of interrelated derangements, and to stress the bidirectional nature of heart-kidney interactions, we present a new classification of the CRS with 5 subtypes that reflect the pathophysiology, the time-frame, and the nature of concomitant cardiac and renal dysfunction. CRS can be generally defined as a pathophysiologic disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction of 1 organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. Type 1 CRS reflects an abrupt worsening of cardiac function (e.g., acute cardiogenic shock or decompensated congestive heart failure) leading to acute kidney injury. Type 2 CRS comprises chronic abnormalities in cardiac function (e.g., chronic congestive heart failure) causing progressive chronic kidney disease. Type 3 CRS consists of an abrupt worsening of renal function (e.g., acute kidney ischemia or glomerulonephritis) causing acute cardiac dysfunction (e.g., heart failure, arrhythmia, ischemia). Type 4 CRS describes a state of chronic kidney disease (e.g., chronic glomerular disease) contributing to decreased cardiac function, cardiac hypertrophy, and/or increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Type 5 CRS reflects a systemic condition (e.g., sepsis) causing both cardiac and renal dysfunction. Biomarkers can contribute to an early diagnosis of CRS and to a timely therapeutic intervention. The use of this classification can help physicians characterize groups of patients, provides the rationale for specific management strategies, and allows the design of future clinical trials with more accurate selection and stratification of the population under investigation.
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            Relation between resting amygdalar activity and cardiovascular events: a longitudinal and cohort study.

            Ahmed Tawakol, Amorina Ishai, Richard Takx … (2017)
            Emotional stress is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We imaged the amygdala, a brain region involved in stress, to determine whether its resting metabolic activity predicts risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.
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              First Human Imaging Studies with the EXPLORER Total-Body PET Scanner*

              Ramsey D. Badawi, Hongcheng Shi, Pengcheng Hu … (2019)
              Within the EXPLORER Consortium, the construction of the world's first total-body PET/CT scanner has recently been completed. The 194-cm axial field of view of the EXPLORER PET/CT scanner is sufficient to cover, for the first time, the entire human adult body in a single acquisition in more than 99% of the population and allows total-body pharmacokinetic studies with frame durations as short as 1 s. The large increase in sensitivity arising from total-body coverage as well as increased solid angle for detection at any point within the body allows whole-body 18F-FDG PET studies to be acquired with unprecedented count density, improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the resulting images. Alternatively, the sensitivity gain can be used to acquire diagnostic PET images with very small amounts of activity in the field of view (25 MBq, 0.7 mCi or less), with very short acquisition times (∼1 min or less) or at later time points after the tracer's administration. We report here on the first human imaging studies on the EXPLORER scanner using a range of different protocols that provide initial evidence in support of these claims. These case studies provide the foundation for future carefully controlled trials to quantitatively evaluate the improvements possible through total-body PET imaging.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Joyce van Sluis:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-4518
                j.van.sluis@umcg.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cancer Imaging
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cancer Imaging
                Title: Cancer Imaging
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1740-5025
                ISSN (Electronic): 1470-7330
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 December 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 December 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 69
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.4494.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9558 4598, Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, ; Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-4518
                Article
                Publisher ID: 507
                DOI: 10.1186/s40644-022-00507-w
                PMC ID: 9755796
                PubMed ID: 36527149
                SO-VID: 0cc64615-ca38-4bb6-b8d6-0aec3739d398
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 6 December 2022
                Date accepted : 7 December 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Review
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

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