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      Avaliação neuropsicológica dos transtornos psicológicos na infância: um estudo de revisão Translated title: Neuropsychological assessment of psychological disorders in childhood: a review study

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          Abstract

          Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre a avaliação neuropsicológica dos déficits cognitivos associados aos transtornos psicológicos na infância e adolescência, com base em pesquisas publicadas no período de 2000 a 2006. Foi realizado um levantamento abrangendo publicações nacionais e internacionais indexadas nas bases de dados Medline, SciELo e PsycInfo. Os resultados indicaram um aumento da produção científica na área da avaliação neuropsicológica do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, autismo, transtornos de humor e transtorno de conduta. Observou-se a presença de poucos estudos nacionais, indicando a necessidade de pesquisas na área de avaliação neuropsicológica no Brasil.

          Translated abstract

          This study comprises a review about neuropsychological assessment of cognitive deficits associated to psychological disorders in childhood and adolescence, including researches published between 2000 and 2006. A survey of national and international publications indexed on Medline, SciELo and PsychoInfo was carried out. The results showed an increase of scientific publications within the neuropsychological assessment area of the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, mood disorders and conduct disorder. A lack of national studies was observed, indicating the necessity of more research in the neuropsychological assessment in Brazil.

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          Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review.

          Julie Alvarez, Eugene Emory (2006)
          Currently, there is debate among scholars regarding how to operationalize and measure executive functions. These functions generally are referred to as "supervisory" cognitive processes because they involve higher level organization and execution of complex thoughts and behavior. Although conceptualizations vary regarding what mental processes actually constitute the "executive function" construct, there has been a historical linkage of these "higher-level" processes with the frontal lobes. In fact, many investigators have used the term "frontal functions" synonymously with "executive functions" despite evidence that contradicts this synonymous usage. The current review provides a critical analysis of lesion and neuroimaging studies using three popular executive function measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, and Stroop Color Word Interference Test) in order to examine the validity of the executive function construct in terms of its relation to activation and damage to the frontal lobes. Empirical lesion data are examined via meta-analysis procedures along with formula derivatives. Results reveal mixed evidence that does not support a one-to-one relationship between executive functions and frontal lobe activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of construing the validity of these neuropsychological tests in anatomical, rather than cognitive and behavioral, terms.
          Article 0 comments Cited 462 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

            Eric A. Youngstrom, H Demaree, W. Frazier (2004)
            Cognitive measures are used frequently in the assessment and diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this meta-analytic review, the authors sought to examine the magnitude of differences between ADHD and healthy participants on several commonly used intellectual and neuropsychological measures. Effect sizes for overall intellectual ability (Full Scale IQ; FSIQ) were significantly different between ADHD and healthy participants (weighted d =.61). Effect sizes for FSIQ were significantly smaller than those for spelling and arithmetic achievement tests and marginally significantly smaller than those for continuous performance tests but were comparable to effect sizes for all other measures. These findings indicate that overall cognitive ability is significantly lower among persons with ADHD and that FSIQ may show as large a difference between ADHD and control participants as most other measures.
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              Annotation: the role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children.

              Adrian Raine (2002)
              This article selectively reviews the biological bases of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children with a focus on low autonomic functioning, prefrontal deficits, and early health factors. Low resting heart rate is thought to be the best-replicated biological correlate of antisocial and aggressive behavior in child and adolescent populations and may reflect reduced noradrenergic functioning and a fearless, stimulation-seeking temperament. Evidence from neuropsychological, neurological, and brain imaging studies converges on the conclusion that prefrontal structural and functional deficits are related to antisocial, aggressive behavior throughout the lifespan. A prefrontal dysfunction theory of antisocial behavior is advanced. This argues that social and executive function demands of late adolescence overload the late developing prefrontal cortex, giving rise to prefrontal dysfunction and a lack of inhibitory control over antisocial, violent behavior that peaks at this age. Birth complications and minor physical anomalies are selectively associated with later violent behavior, especially when combined with adverse psychosocial risk factors for violence. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk for antisocial and violent behavior in later life by disrupting noradrenergic functioning and enhancement of cholinergic receptors that inhibit cardiac functioning. Malnutrition during pregnancy is associated with later antisocial behavior and may be mediated by protein deficiency. It is argued that early health intervention and prevention studies may provide the most effective way of reversing biological deficits that predispose to antisocial and aggressive behavior in children and adults.
              Article 0 comments Cited 98 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): pusf
                Title: Psico-USF
                Abbreviated Title: Psico-USF
                Publisher: Universidade de São Francisco, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Psicologia (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                ISSN (Print): 1413-8271
                ISSN (Electronic): 2175-3563
                Publication date (Print and electronic): June 2008
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 125-133
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1413-82712008000100015 Publisher ID: S1413-8271(08)01300115
                SO-VID: 0cf682fe-9a89-47fc-8c97-01fc98a68107
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date revision received : April 2007
                Date received : November 2006
                Date accepted : May 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 69, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia

                Categories
                Subject: Artigos

                Keywords: Neuropsychological assessment,Psychological disorders,Tests,Childhood,Avaliação neuropsicológica,Transtornos psicológicos,Testes,Infância
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Neuropsychological assessment, Psychological disorders, Tests, Childhood, Avaliação neuropsicológica, Transtornos psicológicos, Testes, Infância

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