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      Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics in nephrolithiasis Translated title: Diuréticos tiazídicos e tiazídicos-like na nefrolitíase

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          Abstract

          Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics are widely used for the management of hypercalciuria among stone-forming patients. Although the effects of different thiazides should be relatively similar in terms of prevention of stone recurrence, their potency and side effects may differ. However, there is scarce data concerning the metabolic and bone effects of these agents among recurrent nephrolithiasis patients with hypercalciuria. The aim of this update article was to compare our experience in the use of thiazide and thiazide- like diuretics with that of the current literature, concerning their anticalciuric properties and consequent reduction of recurrent stone formation. Their impact on bone mass and potential side effects were also discussed.

          Resumo

          Diuréticos tiazídicos e tiazídicos-like são amplamente usados para o tratamento da hipercalciúria em pacientes com formação de cálculos. Embora os efeitos dos diferentes tiazídicos devam ser relativamente semelhantes em termos de prevenção da recorrência do cálculo, sua potência e efeitos colaterais podem ser diferentes. No entanto, há poucos dados sobre os efeitos metabólicos e ósseos desses agentes em pacientes com nefrolitíase recorrente com hipercalciúria. O objetivo deste artigo de atualização foi comparar nossa experiência quanto ao uso de tiazídicos e tiazídicos-like com a publicada na literatura atual, no que diz respeito às suas propriedades anticalciúricas e consequente redução da formação de cálculos recorrentes. Discutimos também seu impacto na massa óssea e potenciais efeitos colaterais.

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          Most cited references45

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          Idiopathic hypercalciuria and formation of calcium renal stones.

          The most common presentation of nephrolithiasis is idiopathic calcium stones in patients without systemic disease. Most stones are primarily composed of calcium oxalate and form on a base of interstitial apatite deposits, known as Randall's plaque. By contrast some stones are composed largely of calcium phosphate, as either hydroxyapatite or brushite (calcium monohydrogen phosphate), and are usually accompanied by deposits of calcium phosphate in the Bellini ducts. These deposits result in local tissue damage and might serve as a site of mineral overgrowth. Stone formation is driven by supersaturation of urine with calcium oxalate and brushite. The level of supersaturation is related to fluid intake as well as to the levels of urinary citrate and calcium. Risk of stone formation is increased when urine citrate excretion is 200 mg per day also increase stone risk and often result in negative calcium balance. Reduced renal calcium reabsorption has a role in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Low sodium diets and thiazide-type diuretics lower urine calcium levels and potentially reduce the risk of stone recurrence and bone disease.
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            Hydrochlorothiazide use is strongly associated with risk of lip cancer.

            The diuretic hydrochlorothiazide is among the most frequently prescribed drugs in the United States and Western Europe, but there is suggestive evidence that hydrochlorothiazide use increases the risk of lip cancer.
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              Use of photosensitising diuretics and risk of skin cancer: a population-based case–control study

              Diuretics have photosensitising properties. However, little is known about how these diuretics affect the risk of skin cancers. In North Jutland County, Denmark, we investigated whether the use of photosensitising diuretics was associated with an increased risk for developing basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and malignant melanoma (MM). From the cancer registry, we identified primary cases of BCC, SCC and MM during the period of 1989–2003. We selected four population controls for each case from the Danish Civil Registration System, matched on age and gender. Prescriptions for photosensitising diuretics before cancer diagnosis were ascertained in the county's Prescription Database. We used conditional logistic regression to compute incidence rate ratio (IRR), controlling for the chronic medical conditions and for the previous use of oral glucocorticoids. We found an increased risk of SCC (IRR of 1.79 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45–2.21)) and MM (IRR of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.09–1.88)) among users of combined amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide therapy. An increased risk of MM (IRR of 3.30 (95% CI: 1.34–8.10)) was found among users of indapamide. We found little associations with risk of BCC. Our findings provide evidence that the use of some photosensitising diuretics is associated with an increased risk for SCC and MM.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Nefrol
                J Bras Nefrol
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia
                0101-2800
                2175-8239
                11 November 2020
                Jan-Mar 2021
                : 43
                : 1
                : 103-109
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, São Paulo, Brasil.
                [2 ]Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Nefrologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
                [3 ]Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Nefrologia Celular, Genética e Molecular, Departamento de Clínica Médica, São Paulo, Brasil.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Ita Pfeferman Heilberg. E-mail: ita.heilberg@ 123456gmail.com

                Author’s contribution

                Cunha TDS: conceptualization, formal analysis, review and editing, and writing, including original draft preparation. Gomes SA: conceptualization, formal analysis, review, and editing. Heilberg IP: conceptualization, formal analysis, review and editing, and writing, including original draft preparation and supervision.

                Conflict of Interest

                The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3896-8186
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-8380
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-5877
                Article
                10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2019-0148
                8061960
                33179717
                0cfd95e3-8d8c-4cb9-84fc-3c7e6dfe91ab

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 April 2020
                : 09 September 2020
                Categories
                Update Article

                diuretics,hydrochlorothiazide,hypercalciuria,indapamide,kidney stones,urolithiasis.,diurético,hidroclorotiazida,hipercalciúria,indapamida,cálculos renais,urolitíase.

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