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      A General Small-Scale Reactor To Enable Standardization and Acceleration of Photocatalytic Reactions

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          Abstract

          Photocatalysis for organic synthesis has experienced an exponential growth in the past 10 years. However, the variety of experimental procedures that have been reported to perform photon-based catalyst excitation has hampered the establishment of general protocols to convert visible light into chemical energy. To address this issue, we have designed an integrated photoreactor for enhanced photon capture and catalyst excitation. Moreover, the evaluation of this new reactor in eight photocatalytic transformations that are widely employed in medicinal chemistry settings has confirmed significant performance advantages of this optimized design while enabling a standardized protocol.

          Abstract

          An integrated photoreactor allows for enhanced photon capture and enables a standardized protocol for photocatalytic methodologies. The evaluation of this reactor in eight transformations showed significant rate enhancement and good reproducibility.

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          Most cited references24

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          Visible light photoredox catalysis with transition metal complexes: applications in organic synthesis.

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            Organic Photoredox Catalysis.

            In this review, we highlight the use of organic photoredox catalysts in a myriad of synthetic transformations with a range of applications. This overview is arranged by catalyst class where the photophysics and electrochemical characteristics of each is discussed to underscore the differences and advantages to each type of single electron redox agent. We highlight both net reductive and oxidative as well as redox neutral transformations that can be accomplished using purely organic photoredox-active catalysts. An overview of the basic photophysics and electron transfer theory is presented in order to provide a comprehensive guide for employing this class of catalysts in photoredox manifolds.
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              Dual Catalysis Strategies in Photochemical Synthesis

              The interaction between an electronically excited photocatalyst and an organic molecule can result in the genertion of a diverse array of reactive intermediates that can be manipulated in a variety of ways to result in synthetically useful bond constructions. This Review summarizes dual-catalyst strategies that have been applied to synthetic photochemistry. Mechanistically distinct modes of photocatalysis are discussed, including photoinduced electron transfer, hydrogen atom transfer, and energy transfer. We focus upon the cooperative interactions of photocatalysts with redox mediators, Lewis and Brønsted acids, organocatalysts, enzymes, and transition metal complexes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ACS Cent Sci
                ACS Cent Sci
                oc
                acscii
                ACS Central Science
                American Chemical Society
                2374-7943
                2374-7951
                17 May 2017
                28 June 2017
                : 3
                : 6
                : 647-653
                Affiliations
                []Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
                [§ ]Discovery Chemistry and Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
                Author notes
                Article
                10.1021/acscentsci.7b00159
                5492256
                28691077
                0d983c75-411b-472a-9a97-7a69651218a0
                Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society

                This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

                History
                : 13 April 2017
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                oc7b00159
                oc-2017-001594

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