Nosocomial rotavirus infection: An up to date evaluation of European studies

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ABSTRACT

Rotavirus (RV) is worldwide considered as the most important viral agent of acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 y. Since 2006, the availability of anti-RV vaccines has deeply modified the incidence and economic burden of RV infection. In Europe, some countries have introduced an anti-RV vaccination program in the last 10 y. Although community acquired RV (CARV) disease is the most studied condition of RV infection, recently some authors have highlighted the importance of nosocomial RV (nRV) disease as an emerging public health issue. The aim of this review is to summarize the epidemiology of both CARV and nRV, in order to discuss the difficulty of a clear evaluation of the burden of the disease in absence of comparable data. In particular, we focused our attention to European studies regarding nRV in terms of divergences related to definition, report of incidence rate and methodological issues.

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Global Illness and Deaths Caused by Rotavirus Disease in Children

Umesh D Parashar, Erik Hummelman, Joseph Bresee … (2003)

To estimate the global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease, we reviewed studies published from 1986 to 2000 on deaths caused by diarrhea and on rotavirus infections in children. We assessed rotavirus-associated illness in three clinical settings (mild cases requiring home care alone, moderate cases requiring a clinic visit, and severe cases requiring hospitalization) and death rates in countries in different World Bank income groups. Each year, rotavirus causes approximately 111 million episodes of gastroenteritis requiring only home care, 25 million clinic visits, 2 million hospitalizations, and 352,000–592,000 deaths (median, 440,000 deaths) in children <5 years of age. By age 5, nearly every child will have an episode of rotavirus gastroenteritis, 1 in 5 will visit a clinic, 1 in 60 will be hospitalized, and approximately 1 in 293 will die. Children in the poorest countries account for 82% of rotavirus deaths. The tremendous incidence of rotavirus disease underscores the urgent need for interventions, such as vaccines, to prevent childhood deaths in developing nations.

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Rotavirus and Severe Childhood Diarrhea

Umesh D Parashar, Christopher Gibson, Joseph Bresee … (2006)

Studies published between 1986 and 1999 indicated that rotavirus causes ≈22% (range 17%–28%) of childhood diarrhea hospitalizations. From 2000 to 2004, this proportion increased to 39% (range 29%–45%). Application of this proportion to the recent World Health Organization estimates of diarrhea-related childhood deaths gave an estimated 611,000 (range 454,000–705,000) rotavirus-related deaths.

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Rotavirus vaccines: current prospects and future challenges.

Roger I. Glass, Umesh D Parashar, Joseph Bresee … (2006)

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea in children worldwide and diarrhoeal deaths in children in developing countries. Accelerated development and introduction of rotavirus vaccines into global immunisation programmes has been a high priority for many international agencies, including WHO and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations. Vaccines have been developed that could prevent the enormous morbidity and mortality from rotavirus and their effect should be measurable within 2-3 years. Two live oral rotavirus vaccines have been licensed in many countries; one is derived from an attenuated human strain of rotavirus and the other combines five bovine-human reassortant strains. Each vaccine has proven highly effective in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children and safe from the possible complication of intussusception. In developed countries, these vaccines could substantially reduce the number and associated costs of child hospitalisations and clinical visits for acute diarrhoea. In developing countries, they could reduce deaths from diarrhoea and improve child survival through programmes for childhood immunisations and diarrhoeal disease control. Although many scientific, programmatic, and financial challenges face the global use of rotavirus vaccines, these vaccines-and new candidates in the pipeline-hold promise to make an immediate and measurable effect to improve child health and survival from this common burden affecting all children.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Hum Vaccin Immunother

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Hum Vaccin Immunother

Journal ID (publisher-id): KHVI

Journal ID (publisher-id): khvi20

Title: Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

ISSN (Print): 2164-5515

ISSN (Electronic): 2164-554X

Publication date Collection: 2016

Publication date (Electronic): 16 May 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 16 May 2016

Volume: 12

Issue: 9

Pages: 2413-2418

Affiliations

[a ]Specialization School for Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy

[b ]Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy

Author notes

CONTACT E. Franco franco@ 123456med.uniroma2.it Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy

Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/khvi.

Article

Publisher ID: 1183858

DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1183858

PMC ID: 5027725

PubMed ID: 27185183

SO-VID: 0e376659-d266-4145-9db7-8d43752dfa0f

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

History

Date received : 9 March 2016

Date revision received : 11 April 2016

Date accepted : 23 April 2016

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Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 47, Pages: 6

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Nosocomial rotavirus infection: An up to date evaluation of European studies

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Bacterial extracellular vesicles

Most cited references 41

Global Illness and Deaths Caused by Rotavirus Disease in Children

Rotavirus and Severe Childhood Diarrhea

Rotavirus vaccines: current prospects and future challenges.

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