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      Variáveis psicossociais associadas à cirurgia ortognática: uma revisão sistemática da literatura Translated title: Psychosocial variables associated with orthognathic surgery: a systematic literature review

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          Abstract

          A cirurgia ortognática é um tipo de tratamento orto-cirúrgico indicado para pacientes com deformidade dentofacial. Este tema tem ganhado repercussão na comunidade científica e, mais recentemente, no ramo das ciências psicológicas, pois as pessoas recorrem cada vez mais a este tipo de tratamento e os psicólogos começam a ser contratados para responderem às necessidades emocionais destes pacientes. Este artigo dedica-se a uma revisão da literatura, dos últimos nove anos, visando explorar particularmente se determinadas características psicossociais do paciente contribuem para a eficácia do tratamento ortocirúrgico. A nossa pesquisa identificou catorze estudos e os resultados são apresentados por setores: (a) fase pré-operatória, (b) fase pós-operatória a curto e médio prazo, (c) fase pós-operatória a longo-prazo. Verificámos que algumas características dos pacientes e uma relação de proximidade estabelecida com os profissionais de saúde parecem contribuir para a satisfação, porém, é apoio psicológico de caráter preventivo dos fatores de risco que parece determinar o sucesso do tratamento orto-cirúrgico. A demasiada valorização das expectativas de benefícios psicológicos, a insegurança na tomada de decisão, o desconhecimento dos custos emocionais da cirurgia, o pobre suporte social (ou a pressão dos familiares) e as perturbações psicopatológicas justificam a utilidade do apoio psicológico. Finalmente são apontadas algumas características psicológicas, positivas e negativas, do paciente assim como sugestões para futuras investigações.

          Translated abstract

          Orthognathic surgery is a type of orthodontic treatment recommended for patients with dentofacial deformities. This issue has grown in the scientific community and, more recently, in the field of psychological science since there is an increasing number of people resorting to this type of treatment and psychologists are being hired to meet emotional needs of such patients. This paper focuses on a review of the literature from the last nine years and seeks to determine if some of the psychosocial characteristics of the patient contribute to the effectiveness of orthodontic-surgical treatment. Our research identified 14 studies and the results are presented according to the following: (a) pre-surgical phase; (b) short-term and mid-term post-surgical phases; and (c) long-term post-surgical phase. We observed that some of the patient's characteristics and a closer patient-caregiver relationship seem to contribute to the satisfaction of the treatment. However, it is the quality of preventive psychological support towards risk factors that seems to determine the success of this orthodontic treatment. Overvaluation of expectations towards psychological benefits, insecurity in the decision making, lack of knowledge about the emotional costs of the surgery, lack of social support (or family pressure) as well as psychopathological disorders justify the need of psychological support. Finally, some positive and negative patient characteristics have been pointed out in this paper, and suggestions for future investigations have been made.

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          Most cited references44

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          Psychological aspects of dentofacial esthetics and orthognathic surgery.

          The literature and the results of the survey clearly confirm that physical attractiveness plays a major role in the social life and interaction among individuals. Cosmetic improvement is a powerful motivating factor leading people to seek treatment. Those who believe that the rewards of facial improvement will enable them to lead more satisfying and comfortable lives should be encouraged to proceed with the treatment. However, it is absolutely essential that those contemplating treatment be counseled before-hand and fully informed on the prognosis, risks and hazards, advantages and disadvantages of such procedures before embarking on treatment.
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            Psychological status of patients referred for orthognathic correction of skeletal II and III discrepancies.

            To establish the extent of psychological problems among patients who require orthognathic treatment.
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              Psychological characteristics of women who require orthognathic surgery: comparison with untreated controls.

              Improvement in appearance is an important motivation for orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery, and two possible underlying causes are objective physical abnormalities, or the patient's personality type that leads them to concentrate on their appearance and request unnecessary interventions. Questionnaires that measure personality traits were given to 30 women who required orthognathic operations, and a control group of 30 other women. Traits measured were: satisfaction with the appearance of the face, head, and body; tendency to compare their appearance with that of others; the extent to which they are aware of their appearance and how they thought they should look; sense of self identity; depression; anxiety; and self-esteem. The only difference between patients and controls was that patients were more dissatisfied with their facial appearance than the others. Orthognathic patients were psychologically normal except that they had more dissatisfaction with their facial appearance. As this was the only difference, it is likely that their desire for operation was caused by a genuine physical abnormality rather than a perceived exaggerated aesthetic problem. It seems, therefore, that any patient who seeks orthognathic treatment because they have a personality that causes them to dwell on their appearance (which may lead them to hold unrealistic expectations of intervention) are screened out of the process before they begin treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                prc
                Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica
                Psicol. Reflex. Crit.
                Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre )
                0102-7972
                2012
                : 25
                : 3
                : 477-490
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade do Porto Portugal
                Article
                S0102-79722012000300007
                10.1590/S0102-79722012000300007
                0e65416e-f16d-4c91-87cc-9c1b576943f0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History

                Orthognathic surgery,psychosocial variables,pre-surgical and post-surgical,Cirurgia ortognática,variáveis psicossociais,pré-operatório e pós-operatório

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