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      Assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: toward improving accuracy Translated title: Avaliação de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos na demência: para melhorar a precisão

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          Abstract

          The issue of this article concerned the discussion about tools frequently used tools for assessing neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease. The aims were to discuss the main tools for evaluating behavioral disturbances, and particularly the accuracy of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Clinician Rating Scale (NPI-C). The clinical approach to and diagnosis of neuropsychiatric syndromes in dementia require suitable accuracy. Advances in the recognition and early accurate diagnosis of psychopathological symptoms help guide appropriate pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. In addition, recommended standardized and validated measurements contribute to both scientific research and clinical practice. Emotional distress, caregiver burden, and cognitive impairment often experienced by elderly caregivers, may affect the quality of caregiver reports. The clinician rating approach helps attenuate these misinterpretations. In this scenario, the NPI-C is a promising and versatile tool for assessing neuropsychiatric syndromes in dementia, offering good accuracy and high reliability, mainly based on the diagnostic impression of the clinician. This tool can provide both strategies: a comprehensive assessment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia or the investigation of specific psychopathological syndromes such as agitation, depression, anxiety, apathy, sleep disorders, and aberrant motor disorders, among others.

          Translated abstract

          Neste artigo, comentamos sobre as escalas frequentemente utilizadas para avaliação de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos presentes em pacientes com demência, especialmente, na doença de Alzheimer. Os objetivos consistiram na discussão sobre as principais estratégias de avaliação dos distúrbios de comportamento e, particularmente, no exame da acurácia do Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico – Avaliação do Clínico (NPI-C) A investigação clínica e o diagnóstico das síndromes neuropsiquiátricas requerem uma acurácia apropriada. Avanços no reconhecimento dos sintomas e na acurácia do diagnóstico precoce das manifestações psicopatológicas contribuem para a instituição do tratamento adequado, tanto farmacológico como não-farmacológico. Além disso, instrumentos padronizados e validados são recomendados tanto para a investigação científica, quanto para a prática clínica. Estresse emocional, sobrecarga de trabalho e declínio cognitivo, não raro presente no cuidador idoso, podem afetar a qualidade da descrição dos sintomas vivenciados pelo paciente. Neste contexto, o NPI-C é uma abordagem promissora e versátil para a avaliação das síndromes neuropsiquiátricas na demência, com boa acurácia e confiabilidade, principalmente, com base na impressão diagnóstica do clínico. Esta escala permite uma avaliação global dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos na demência ou pode ser utilizada como uma estratégia para a investigação de síndromes psicopatológicas específicas na demência, como agitação, depressão, ansiedade, apatia, distúrbios do sono ou distúrbio motor aberrante, dentre outros.

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          Most cited references83

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          Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease.

          Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are core features of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Once thought to emerge primarily in people with late-stage disease, these symptoms are currently known to manifest commonly in very early disease and in prodromal phases, such as mild cognitive impairment. Despite decades of research, reliable treatments for dementia-associated NPS have not been found, and those that are in widespread use present notable risks for people using these medications. An Alzheimer's Association Research Roundtable was convened in the spring of 2010 to review what is known about NPS in Alzheimer's disease, to discuss classification and underlying neuropathogenesis and vulnerabilities, and to formulate recommendations for new approaches to tailored therapeutics. Copyright © 2011 The Alzheimer's Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease.

            The authors examined a consecutive series of 50 patients for the presence of apathy, depression, anxiety, and neuropsychological deficits using a neuropsychological battery that included a recently designed apathy scale. This scale was found to be reliable and valid in the diagnosis of apathy in patients with PD. Of patients in the study, 12% showed apathy as their primary psychiatric problem, and 30% were both apathetic and depressed. Patients with apathy (with or without depression), showed significantly more deficits in both tasks of verbal memory and time-dependent tasks. Results suggest that apathy is a frequent finding in PD, is significantly associated with specific cognitive impairments, and may have a different mechanism than depression.
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              Neuropsychiatric Syndromes in Dementia

              Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to identify neuropsychiatric subsyndromes of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory in a large sample of outpatients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: Cross-sectional data of 2,354 patients with AD from 12 centres from the European Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium were collected. Principal component analysis was used for factor analysis. Results: The results showed the presence of 4 neuropsychiatric subsyndromes: hyperactivity, psychosis, affective symptoms and apathy. The subsyndrome apathy was the most common, occurring in almost 65% of the patients. Conclusion: This large study has provided additional robust evidence for the existence of neuropsychiatric subsyndromes in AD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dement Neuropsychol
                Dement Neuropsychol
                dn
                Dementia & Neuropsychologia
                Associação de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento
                1980-5764
                Jul-Sep 2013
                Jul-Sep 2013
                : 7
                : 3
                : 244-251
                Affiliations
                [1 ]UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Rio Claro. Pesquisador do Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto de Psiquiatria - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo.
                Author notes
                Florindo Stella. Universidade Estadual Paulista / Instituto de Biociências / Psicologia – Av. 22A – 13506-900 Rio Claro SP – Brasil. E-mail: fstelldo@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.1590/S1980-57642013DN70300003
                5619194
                0e7b9b9f-9ae0-44c0-827a-60c87d0f5af9

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 June 2013
                : 19 August 2013
                Funding
                Funded by: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
                Award ID: 2010/18999-6
                Categories
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                neuropsychiatric symptoms,assessment,scales,alzheimer's disease,dementia

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