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      Burden and Gender inequalities around Informal Care Translated title: Sobrecarga e desigualdades de gênero nos cuidados informais

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          Abstract

          This work comes from the interest and need to understand the problems arising from the activity of caring for dependent people, in the world and particularly in the European region. Altogether, it seeks to understand the consequences of informal care on the caregiver adding to the debate a gender perspective. Through a multidisciplinary bibliographic review, the current care crisis becomes clear. The demographic and socio-cultural changes in recent years are causing dependency to increase dramatically, while putting at risk the availability of informal caregivers. Several studies have shown that women are the ones on whom the burden of care mainly falls. Therefore, under the gender perspective, it becomes clear that the consequences of caregiver burden increase gender inequalities worldwide. The study analyzes the current situation and underlines the need to promote alternatives and opportunities so that care is shared and does not fall only on the female gender. Solutions need to be included in public and community health interventions and policies, and to this respect, nurses play an important role in changing the care paradigm.

          Resumo

          Este trabalho decorre do interesse e da necessidade de entender o problema dos cuidados informais globalmente e, em particular, na Europa. Além disso, busca entender as consequências do cuidado informal sobre o cuidador na perspectiva de gênero. Através de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica multidisciplinar, a atual crise de atendimento é revelada. As mudanças demográficas e socioculturais dos últimos anos aumentam a dependência cada vez mais. Isso leva a uma maior necessidade de cuidados. Vimos que a maioria dos cuidadores são mulheres e também que as consequências do cuidado aumentam as desigualdades de gênero em nossa sociedade. Este trabalho destaca a necessidade de promover alternativas e novas oportunidades de compartilhamento de cuidados e não apenas de uma pessoa. As respostas a essas necessidades devem ser incluídas nas políticas e intervenções em saúde e, nesse contexto, os enfermeiros desempenham um papel crucial na promoção dessas mudanças.

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          Health and Well-Being in Late Life: Gender Differences Worldwide

          Maintaining health and quality of life and decreasing the number of years lived with disabilities in old age are among the main challenges of aging societies worldwide. This paper aims to present current worldwide health-related gender inequalities throughout life, and especially in late life, as well as gender gaps in social and personal resources which affect health, functioning and well-being. This paper also addresses the question of whether gender gaps at younger ages tend to narrow in late life, due to the many biological and social changes that occur in old age. Based on international data regarding these gender gaps and the trends of change in personal resources and health-related lifestyles in the more and less developed nations, conclusions regarding future changes in gender gaps are presented, along with practical implications for future improvements in women's health and well-being.
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            How to understand informal caregiving patterns in Europe? The role of formal long-term care provisions and family care norms

            Aims: Motivated by ageing populations, healthcare policies increasingly emphasize the role of informal care. This study examines how prevalence rates of informal caregivers and intensive caregivers (i.e. those who provide informal care for at least 11 hours a week) vary between European countries, and to what extent informal caregiving and intensive caregiving relate to countries’ formal long-term care provisions and family care norms. Methods: Multilevel logistic regression analyses on data from the European Social Survey Round 7 (n = 32,894 respondents in n = 19 countries) were used to test (a) contradicting hypotheses regarding the role of formal long-term care provisions based on crowding-out, crowding-in and specialization arguments and (b) the hypothesis that strong family care norms are positively related to (intensive) informal caregiving. Results: Prevalence rates of informal caregiving varied between European countries, from 20% to 44%. Intensive caregiving ranged from 4% to 11%. Opposite patterns regarding the role of formal long-term care provisions were revealed: generous long-term care provisions in a country were related to a higher likelihood of providing informal care, but a lower likelihood of providing intensive care. Moreover, intensive caregiving was more likely when family care norms in a country were strong. Conclusions: This study provided support for the specialization argument by showing that generous formal long-term care provisions crowded-out intensive caregiving, but also encouraged more people to provide (some) informal care. Because especially intensive caregiving is burdensome, low levels of formal long-term care provisions might bring risks to caregivers’ well-being and healthcare systems’ sustainability.
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              Explaining the Gender Gap in the Caregiving Burden of Partner Caregivers

              Abstract Objectives We examine gender differences in the experienced burden of partner caregivers using the stress-appraisal model. Gender differences can be explained by differences in conditions of burden (primary stressors, help from others, hours of caregiving, and secondary stressors) and how strong their effects are. Method The data are from the Netherlands’ Older Persons and Informal Caregivers Survey—Minimum Data Set (N = 1,611 caregivers). We examine mediation and moderation effects using structural equation modeling. Results Women experience greater partner caregiver burden than men, which is related to women experiencing more secondary stressors (relational and financial problems, problems combining different tasks). For women and men alike, there is a positive association between burden and more primary stressors (partner’s care need indicated by health impairment), help from other caregivers, and secondary stressors. For male caregivers, caregiving intensity also contributes to a greater burden. Discussion This study corroborates the structural impact of gender on the conditions of as well as their effects on the partner caregiver burden. Reducing the hours of caregiving for male caregivers in severe care situations and helping female and male caregivers deal emotionally with the caregiving situation can reduce the partner caregiver burden.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Invest Educ Enferm
                Invest Educ Enferm
                iee
                Investigacion y Educacion en Enfermeria
                Imprenta Universidad de Antioquia
                0120-5307
                2216-0280
                26 February 2020
                Jan-Apr 2020
                : 38
                : 1
                : e10
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalNurse, Servicio Navarro de Salud, , Pamplona Spain. MSc. Email: giuliana.cascella@gmail.com normalizedServicio Navarro de Salud-Osasunbidea orgnameServicio Navarro de Salud Pamplona Spain giuliana.cascella@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ] originalNurse. Anthropologist. PhD. Professor, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Email: rosa.garcia@unavarra.es normalizedUniversidad Pública de Navarra orgnameUniversidad Pública de Navarra Pamplona Spain rosa.garcia@ 123456unavarra.es
                Author notes

                Conflicts of interest: none.

                Article
                10.17533/udea.iee.v38n1e10
                7871478
                32124578
                0f01ac29-f378-466b-ab09-11a7c195a5c2

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 24 November 2019
                : 07 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 64, Pages: 0
                Categories
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                patient care,caregivers,gender and health,gender inequalities,gender perspective.,assistência ao paciente,cuidadores,gênero e saúde,iniquidade de gênero,perspectiva de gênero

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