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      Emerging 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanostructures for efficient point-of-care biosensing

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          Abstract

          The recent COVID-19 infection outbreak has raised the demand for rapid, highly sensitive POC biosensing technology for intelligent health and wellness. In this direction, efforts are being made to explore high-performance nano-systems for developing novel sensing technologies capable of functioning at point-of-care (POC) applications for quick diagnosis, data acquisition, and disease management. A combination of nanostructures [i.e., 0D (nanoparticles & quantum dots), 1D (nanorods, nanofibers, nanopillars, & nanowires), 2D (nanosheets, nanoplates, nanopores) & 3D nanomaterials (nanocomposites and complex hierarchical structures)], biosensing prototype, and micro-electronics makes biosensing suitable for early diagnosis, detection & prevention of life-threatening diseases. However, a knowledge gap associated with the potential of 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanostructures for the design and development of efficient POC sensing is yet to be explored carefully and critically. With this focus, this review highlights the latest engineered 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanomaterials for developing next-generation miniaturized, portable POC biosensors development to achieve high sensitivity with potential integration with the internet of medical things (IoMT, for miniaturization and data collection, security, and sharing), artificial intelligence (AI, for desired analytics), etc. for better diagnosis and disease management at the personalized level.

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          Single-layer MoS2 transistors.

          B Radisavljevic, A Radenovic, J Brivio … (2011)
          Two-dimensional materials are attractive for use in next-generation nanoelectronic devices because, compared to one-dimensional materials, it is relatively easy to fabricate complex structures from them. The most widely studied two-dimensional material is graphene, both because of its rich physics and its high mobility. However, pristine graphene does not have a bandgap, a property that is essential for many applications, including transistors. Engineering a graphene bandgap increases fabrication complexity and either reduces mobilities to the level of strained silicon films or requires high voltages. Although single layers of MoS(2) have a large intrinsic bandgap of 1.8 eV (ref. 16), previously reported mobilities in the 0.5-3 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) range are too low for practical devices. Here, we use a halfnium oxide gate dielectric to demonstrate a room-temperature single-layer MoS(2) mobility of at least 200 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), similar to that of graphene nanoribbons, and demonstrate transistors with room-temperature current on/off ratios of 1 × 10(8) and ultralow standby power dissipation. Because monolayer MoS(2) has a direct bandgap, it can be used to construct interband tunnel FETs, which offer lower power consumption than classical transistors. Monolayer MoS(2) could also complement graphene in applications that require thin transparent semiconductors, such as optoelectronics and energy harvesting.
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            Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis.

            Wei Gao, Sam Emaminejad, Hnin Nyein … (2016)
            Wearable sensor technologies are essential to the realization of personalized medicine through continuously monitoring an individual's state of health. Sampling human sweat, which is rich in physiological information, could enable non-invasive monitoring. Previously reported sweat-based and other non-invasive biosensors either can only monitor a single analyte at a time or lack on-site signal processing circuitry and sensor calibration mechanisms for accurate analysis of the physiological state. Given the complexity of sweat secretion, simultaneous and multiplexed screening of target biomarkers is critical and requires full system integration to ensure the accuracy of measurements. Here we present a mechanically flexible and fully integrated (that is, no external analysis is needed) sensor array for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, which simultaneously and selectively measures sweat metabolites (such as glucose and lactate) and electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium ions), as well as the skin temperature (to calibrate the response of the sensors). Our work bridges the technological gap between signal transduction, conditioning (amplification and filtering), processing and wireless transmission in wearable biosensors by merging plastic-based sensors that interface with the skin with silicon integrated circuits consolidated on a flexible circuit board for complex signal processing. This application could not have been realized using either of these technologies alone owing to their respective inherent limitations. The wearable system is used to measure the detailed sweat profile of human subjects engaged in prolonged indoor and outdoor physical activities, and to make a real-time assessment of the physiological state of the subjects. This platform enables a wide range of personalized diagnostic and physiological monitoring applications.
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              Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring

              Jayoung Kim, Alan S Campbell, Berta de Ávila … (2019)
              Article 0 comments Cited 781 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biosens Bioelectron X
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biosens Bioelectron X
                Title: Biosensors & Bioelectronics
                Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2590-1370
                Publication date PMC-release: 25 November 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 November 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100284
                Affiliations
                [a ]DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
                [b ]DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, 121001, Haryana (NCR Delhi), India
                [c ]Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
                [d ]Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
                [e ]NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India.
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2590-1370(22)00177-7 Publisher ID: 100284
                DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100284
                PMC ID: 9691282
                PubMed ID: 36448023
                SO-VID: 0f3034a8-3c7a-4c93-bf53-2dee43cdaaac
                Copyright © © 2022 The Author(s)
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 23 September 2022
                Date revision received : 14 November 2022
                Date accepted : 16 November 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: biosensors,0d to 3d nanomaterials,point-of-care testing,efficient diagnostics,wearable,personalized health management
                Data availability:
                Keywords: biosensors, 0d to 3d nanomaterials, point-of-care testing, efficient diagnostics, wearable, personalized health management

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