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      Characterization of morphological and biological aspects of venomous caterpillars of the genus Lonomia Walker (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Colombia

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          Abstract

          The genus Lonomia Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is of particular interest to the medical community, since the scoli of these caterpillars harbor a venom that induces hemorrhaging in humans. In Colombia, deadly encounters with Lonomia achelous (Cramer, 1777), have been reported since 2000. There is little information on the main biological and ecological aspects of this genus to help better understand and develop prevention strategies. This study aimed to describe morphological and biological aspects (especially of immature stages) of four recently reported species of Lonomia in Colombia that pose a risk to humans. We collected caterpillars and adults from five localities and reared them under laboratory conditions. Specimens were identified using DNA barcoding and dissection of adult male genitalia. We provided the first description, to our knowledge, of part of the life cycles of Lonomia casanarensis Brechlin, 2017 and Lonomia orientoandensis Brechlin & Meister, 2011 and the complete life cycles of Lonomia columbiana Lemaire, 1972 and Lonomia orientocordillera Brechlin, Käch & Meister, 2013. We also present the first records of the parasitoids of L. orientocordillera, and L. casanarensis and new host plants. This information will guide not only their morphological recognition and the identification of their parasitoids and hosts, but also will guide rearing methods of these and other Lonomia species in new studies to prevent incidents with humans and create specific antivenoms.

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          bold: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org)

          The Barcode of Life Data System (bold) is an informatics workbench aiding the acquisition, storage, analysis and publication of DNA barcode records. By assembling molecular, morphological and distributional data, it bridges a traditional bioinformatics chasm. bold is freely available to any researcher with interests in DNA barcoding. By providing specialized services, it aids the assembly of records that meet the standards needed to gain BARCODE designation in the global sequence databases. Because of its web-based delivery and flexible data security model, it is also well positioned to support projects that involve broad research alliances. This paper provides a brief introduction to the key elements of bold, discusses their functional capabilities, and concludes by examining computational resources and future prospects.
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            Host-parasite and parasite-host catalogue of South American Tachinidae (Diptera) )

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              Preparation of Slide Mounts of Lepidopterous Genitalia

              One of the most essential procedures in the identification of many Lepidoptera is an examination of the genitalia, and for a most critical examination of these organs slide mounts must be prepared. In many cases, the preparation of slides is one of the most neglected arts in lepidopterology. This is to be deplored, for a well-prepared slide is not only handsome but also much more valuable taxonomically than a messily prepared one. For large and medium-sized specimens, I have found the following technique very gratifying in producing slides of uniformly high quality. Certain phases of the technique are not particularly well adapted for working with smaller moths.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                31 May 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 5
                : e0285010
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
                [2 ] Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
                [3 ] Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
                Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, FRANCE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2175-6248
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0937-2815
                Article
                PONE-D-22-11860
                10.1371/journal.pone.0285010
                10231817
                0f357d99-8528-44c3-ab37-c6e1c820ed0a
                © 2023 Toro-Vargas et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 22 April 2022
                : 13 April 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 4, Pages: 25
                Funding
                Funded by: The Universidad de Los Andes, Faculty of Sciences
                Award ID: INV-2020-105-2030
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: The Universidad de Los Andes, Faculty of Sciences
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009543, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana;
                Award ID: 08235
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: French National Research Agency
                Award ID: ANR-16-CE02-0011-01
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: French Foundation of Research on Biodiversity
                Award ID: CESAB synthesis centre to ACTIAS project
                Award Recipient :
                This study was financially supported by The Universidad de Los Andes, Faculty of Sciences, through project number INV-2020-105-2030 awarded to CG, and a Teaching Assistantship awarded to DMT-V in 2017 and 2018. This study was also financially supported by the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana project (ID 08235) awarded to ARA-S, who also provided laboratory support for this study. This work was also financially supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR; SPHINX grant no. ANR-16-CE02-0011-01) and of the French Foundation of Research on Biodiversity (FRB; CESAB synthesis centre to ACTIAS project) grants awarded to RR for work on genus Lonomia. The funders had no additional role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Larvae
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Moths and Butterflies
                Caterpillars
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Moths and Butterflies
                Caterpillars
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Moths and Butterflies
                Caterpillars
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
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                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
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                Parasitology
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                Plants
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Eggs
                Bird Eggs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Reproductive System
                Genital Anatomy
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Reproductive System
                Genital Anatomy
                Biology and life sciences
                Molecular biology
                Molecular biology techniques
                DNA barcoding
                Research and analysis methods
                Molecular biology techniques
                DNA barcoding
                Biology and life sciences
                Evolutionary biology
                Evolutionary systematics
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                Biology and life sciences
                Taxonomy
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