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      Dysphagia is a strong predictor of death and functional dependence at three months post-stroke Translated title: Disfagia é um forte preditor de morte e dependência funcional três meses após acidente vascular cerebral

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          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          Few Brazilian studies investigated risk factors for dysphagia and associated complications in a large cohort.

          Objective:

          To investigate frequency, predictors, and associated outcomes of dysphagia in patients up to three months post-stroke.

          Methods:

          Prospective cohort study of consecutively admitted patients in a specialized center for acute stroke. Patients with a transient ischemic attack, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral venous thrombosis, hemorrhagic stroke with secondary cause, non-acute stroke, or those who did not consent to participate were excluded. Swallowing was evaluated by speech language pathologists using Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test. General function at three months post-stroke was assessed using the following instruments: Modified Rankin scale, Barthel Index and Functional Independence Measure.

          Results:

          A total of 831 patients were admitted and 305 patients were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 63.6±13.3 years, mean time from stroke to swallowing assessment was 4.2±4.1 days, and 45.2% of the patients had dysphagia. Age (OR=1.02; 95%CI 1.00-1.04; p=0.017), known medical history of obstructive sleep apnea (OR=5.13; 95%CI 1.74-15.15; p=0.003), and stroke severity at hospital admission (OR=1.10; 95%CI 1.06-1.15; p<0.001) were independently associated with dysphagia. Dysphagia (OR=3.78; 95%CI 2.16-6.61; p<0.001) and stroke severity (OR=1.05; 95%CI 1.00-1.09; p=0.024) were independently associated with death or functional dependence at three months.

          Conclusions:

          Dysphagia was present in almost half of stroke patients. Age, obstructive sleep apnea, and stroke severity were predictors of dysphagia, which was independently associated with death or functional dependence at three months.

          RESUMO

          Antecedentes:

          Poucos estudos brasileiros investigaram fatores de risco para disfagia e suas complicações associadas em uma grande coorte.

          Objetivo:

          Investigar frequência, preditores e desfechos associados da disfagia em pacientes até três meses após acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).

          Métodos:

          Selecionamos pacientes admitidos consecutivamente em um centro especializado em AVC agudo. Excluímos pacientes com ataque isquêmico transitório, hemorragia subaracnóidea, trombose venosa cerebral, AVC hemorrágico de causa secundária, AVC não agudo ou aqueles que não consentiram em participar. A deglutição foi avaliada por fonoaudiólogos, por meio do teste de deglutição de volume-viscosidade. A função geral foi avaliada usando-se escala de Rankin modificada, índice de Barthel e medida de independência funcional.

          Resultados:

          Foram admitidos 831 pacientes e incluídos 305. A idade média foi 63,6±13,3 anos, o tempo médio da avaliação foi 4,2±4,1 dias e 45,2% apresentavam disfagia. Idade (razão de chances [OR] 1,02; intervalo de confiança [IC95%] 1,00-1,04; p=0,017), história médica conhecida de apneia obstrutiva do sono (OR=5,13; IC95% 1,74-15,15; p=0,003) e gravidade do AVC na admissão hospitalar (OR=1,10; IC95% 1,06-1,15; p<0,001) foram independentemente associados à disfagia. Disfagia (OR=3,78; IC95% 2,16-6,61; p<0,001) e gravidade do AVC (OR=1,05; IC95% 1,00-1,09; p=0,024) foram independentemente associadas com morte ou dependência funcional em três meses.

          Conclusões:

          A disfagia esteve presente em quase metade dos pacientes com AVC. Idade, apneia obstrutiva do sono e gravidade do AVC foram preditores de disfagia, que esteve independentemente associada com morte ou dependência funcional em três meses.

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          Most cited references34

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          Sleep Apnea: Types, Mechanisms, and Clinical Cardiovascular Consequences.

          Sleep apnea is highly prevalent in patients with cardiovascular disease. These disordered breathing events are associated with a profile of perturbations that include intermittent hypoxia, oxidative stress, sympathetic activation, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which are critical mediators of cardiovascular disease. Evidence supports a causal association of sleep apnea with the incidence and morbidity of hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, and stroke. Several discoveries in the pathogenesis, along with developments in the treatment of sleep apnea, have accumulated in recent years. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of sleep apnea, the evidence that addresses the links between sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease, and research that has addressed the effect of sleep apnea treatment on cardiovascular disease and clinical endpoints. Finally, we review the recent development in sleep apnea treatment options, with special consideration of treating patients with heart disease. Future directions for selective areas are suggested.
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            Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications.

            To determine the incidence of dysphagia and associated pulmonary compromise in stroke patients through a systematic review of the published literature. Databases were searched (1966 through May 2005) using terms "cerebrovascular disorders," "deglutition disorders," and limited to "humans" for original articles addressing the frequency of dysphagia or pneumonia. Data sources included Medline, Embase, Pascal, relevant Internet addresses, and extensive hand searching of bibliographies of identified articles. Selected articles were reviewed for quality, diagnostic methods, and patient characteristics. Comparisons were made of reported dysphagia and pneumonia frequencies. The relative risks (RRs) of developing pneumonia were calculated in patients with dysphagia and confirmed aspiration. Of the 277 sources identified, 104 were original, peer-reviewed articles that focused on adult stroke patients with dysphagia. Of these, 24 articles met inclusion criteria and were evaluated. The reported incidence of dysphagia was lowest using cursory screening techniques (37% to 45%), higher using clinical testing (51% to 55%), and highest using instrumental testing (64% to 78%). Dysphagia tends to be lower after hemispheric stroke and remains prominent in the rehabilitation brain stem stroke. There is increased risk for pneumonia in patients with dysphagia (RR, 3.17; 95% CI, 2.07, 4.87) and an even greater risk in patients with aspiration (RR, 11.56; 95% CI, 3.36, 39.77). The high incidence for dysphagia and pneumonia is a consistent finding with stroke patients. The pneumonia risk is greatest in stroke patients with aspiration. These findings will be valuable in the design of future dysphagia research.
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              Validation of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Modified Rankin Scale and Barthel Index in Brazil: The Role of Cultural Adaptation and Structured Interviewing

              Background: We aimed to validate three widely used scales in stroke research in a multiethnic Brazilian population. Methods: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI) were translated, culturally adapted and applied by two independent investigators. The mRS was applied with or without a previously validated structured interview. Interobserver agreement (kappa statistics) and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated. Results: 84 patients underwent mRS (56 with and 28 without a structured interview), 57 BI and 62 NIHSS scoring. Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.902 for NIHSS and 0.967 for BI. For BI, interobserver agreement was good (kappa = 0.70). For mRS, the structured interview improved interobserver agreement (kappa = 0.34 without a structured interview; 0.75 with a structured interview). Conclusion: The NIHSS, BI and mRS show good validity when translated and culturally adapted. Using a structured interview for the mRS improves interobserver concordance rates.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arq Neuropsiquiatr
                Arq Neuropsiquiatr
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO
                0004-282X
                1678-4227
                21 February 2022
                May 2022
                : 80
                : 5
                : 462-468
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil.
                [2 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil.
                [3 ]Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil.
                [4 ]University of Toronto, Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Aline Cristina Pacheco-Castilho; Email: alinecpacheco_usp@ 123456yahoo.com.br .

                Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.

                Authors’ contributions: The authors participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-2766
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8670-5308
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1544-2330
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6853-1914
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7434-3127
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-3677
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4907-8645
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-2981
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5499-3552
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-2393
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-0815
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3298-7714
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0317-843X
                Article
                10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2021-0127
                9238336
                35195229
                0fdca6cc-693d-4211-b611-ccebf3967a1a

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 14 April 2021
                : 21 June 2021
                : 12 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 28
                Categories
                Article

                deglutition,deglutition disorders,stroke,outcome assessment, health care,deglutição,transtornos de deglutição,acidente vascular cerebral,avaliação de resultados em cuidados de saúde

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