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      Estudo Viriato: Actualização de dados de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos de bactérias responsáveis por infecções respiratórias adquiridas na comunidade em Portugal em 2003 e 2004 Translated title: The Viriato Study: Update of antimicrobial susceptibility data of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Portugal in 2003 and 2004

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          Abstract

          O Estudo Viriato é um estudo nacional, prospectivo e multicêntrico, de vigilância da susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos de bactérias frequentemente responsáveis por infecções do aparelho respiratório adquiridas na comunidade. Nos anos de 2003 e 2004 participaram 29 laboratórios de todo o país. Isolaram-se 2945 microrganismos que foram estudados num laboratório coordenador. Das 513 estirpes de Streptococcus pyogenes de doentes com amigdalo-faringite aguda, todas eram susceptíveis à penicilina e outros antibióticos beta-lactâmicos, mas 18,9% eram resistentes à eritromicina, claritromicina e azitromicina. Nas estirpes resistentes foi mais frequente o fenótipo M (67,0%) que confere resistência à eritromicina (CIM90=16 mg/L), claritromicina e azitromicina, mas susceptibilidade à clindamicina (CIM90=0,094 mg/L). De doentes com infecção do aparelho respiratório inferior estudaram-se 1300 estirpes de Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococos), 829 de Haemophilus influenzae e 303 de Moraxella catarrhalis. Em S. pneumoniae, 18,4% das estirpes eram resistentes à penicilina (3,5% com resistência elevada), 7,1% à cefuroxima, 0,5% à amoxicilina, 0,5% à amoxicilina/clavulanato, 18,8% à eritromicina, claritromicina e azitromicina, 14,5 % à tetraciclina, 16,5% ao co-trimoxazol e 0,4% à levofloxacina. Nas estirpes resistentes aos macrólidos, dominou o fenótipo MLS B (83,7%), caracterizado por resistência elevada (CIM90>256 mg/L) à eritromicina, claritromicina, azitromicina e clindamicina. Produziam beta-lactamase 10,0% de H. influenzae e 96,4% de M. catarrhalis. Em H. influenzae demonstrou-se 5,5% de resistência à claritromicina e 13,4% ao co-trimoxazol. A quase totalidade das estirpes era susceptível à amoxicilina / clavulanato, cefuroxima, azitromicina, tetraciclina e ciprofloxacina. Em M. catarrhalis a resistência ao co-trimoxazol foi de 27,1% e à tetraciclina de 1,0%. Todas as estirpes eram susceptíveis à amoxicilina / clavulanato, cefuroxima, claritromicina, azitromicina e ciprofloxacina. De entre o conjunto de antibióticos ensaiado, a penicilina continua a ser o mais activo contra S. pyogenes e a amoxicilina / clavulanato e as quinolonas os mais activos simultaneamente contra S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae e M. catarrhalis.

          Translated abstract

          The Viriato Study is a nationwide, prospective, multicenter surveillance study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens commonly associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Portugal. In 2003 and 2004 a total of 2945 isolates was recovered in the 29 laboratories that participated in the study. Testing was undertaken in a central laboratory. Of the 513 Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated from patients with acute tonsillitis all were susceptible to penicillin and other beta-lactams but 18.9% were resistant to erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin. The M phenotype dominated (67%), conferring resistance to erythromycin (MIC90=16mg/L), clarythromycin and azithromycin, but susceptibility to clindamycin (MIC90=0.094 mg/L). From patients with lower respiratory tract infection 1,300 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 829 of Haemophilus influenzae, and 303 of Moraxella catarrhalis were studied. Among S. pneumoniae isolates 18.4% were resistant to penicillin (3.5% showing high-level resistance), 7.1% to cefuroxime, 0.5% to amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate, 18.8% to erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, 14.9% to tetracycline, 16.5% to co-trimoxazol, and 0.4% to levofloxacin. Beta-lactamases were produced by 10.0% of H. influenzae and 96.4% of M. catarrhalis. In H. influenzae resistance to clarithromycin was 5.5% and to co-trimoxazole was 13.4%. Most strains were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefuroxime, azithromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. In M. catarrhalis resistance to co-trimoxazole was 27.1% and to tetracycline 1.0%. All strains were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefuroxime, clarithromycin, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. Penicillin was the most active antimicrobial agent against S. pyogenes and amoxycillin / clavulanate and the quinolones the most active in vitro simultaneously against S. pneumoniae, H. influenza and M. catarrhalis.

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          Performance stand- ards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing

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            Characterization of the genetic lineages responsible for pneumococcal invasive disease in Portugal.

            The availability of a conjugate vaccine has the potential to reduce the disease burden of pneumococci and to alter the serotype frequency in the disease-causing population through immunoselection. These changes will probably be reflected in the distributions of individual genetic lineages within the population. We present a characterization of a collection of recent (1999 to 2002) invasive isolates from Portugal (n = 465) by macrorestriction profiling with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing. During this time, serotypes 14, 1, 3, 4, 8, 9V, 23F, 7F, 19A, and 12B were the 10 most prevalent overall by decreasing rank order. By combining the PFGE data with the sequence types (STs) of 104 isolates, we were able to identify the genetic lineages of the majority of the isolates. We found 66 STs, including 20 novel STs, corresponding to 47 different lineages by e-BURST analysis. We found in our collection a number of previously identified internationally disseminated lineages, especially among macrolide-resistant and penicillin-resistant isolates, and these accounted for most of the isolates. Most of the major lineages (17 of 25) were identified in all years of the study, suggesting that the pneumococcal population associated with invasive disease was stable. This study provides a characterization of the pneumococcal population associated with invasive disease that will be useful for detecting potential selective effects of the novel conjugate vaccine.
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              Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae from Portugal: implications for vaccination and antimicrobial therapy.

              The distribution of pneumococcal serotypes among 465 invasive isolates recovered from 1999 to 2002 in Portugal was analysed by age group. Serotype 14 was either the most prevalent or the second most prevalent in all age groups. Among children aged or = 60 years), serotypes 3, 14, 1, 8 and 4 were the most prevalent. The potential coverage of the seven-valent conjugate vaccine is 63.2% among infants, and does not change significantly if children aged or = 6 years were mostly susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. Overall, 23% of isolates showed reduced susceptibility to penicillin. Most (98.5%) isolates remained fully susceptible to cefotaxime, and a single isolate was resistant to quinolones.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pne
                Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia
                Rev Port Pneumol
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia (Lisboa )
                0873-2159
                January 2006
                : 12
                : 1
                : 09-30
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Lisboa Portugal
                Article
                S0873-21592006000100001
                10.1016/S0873-2159(15)30419-0
                0fe983b9-421a-425b-b7a6-249aaefd792c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0873-2159&lng=en
                Categories
                RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

                Respiratory medicine
                Portugal,Viriato Study,respiratory tract infections,Estudo Viriato,infecção respiratória,comunidade,2003,2004,susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos,Streptococcus pyogenes,Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae,Moraxella catarrhalis,community,antimicrobial resistance

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