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      Cenários de mudanças climáticas e seus impactos na produção leiteira em estados nordestinos Translated title: Climate change scenarios and their impacts on milk production in northeastern states of Brazil

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          Abstract

          A pecuária leiteira é uma atividade de grande importância no nordeste brasileiro, podendo ser afetada de forma direta e indireta, caso as atuais previsões climáticas sejam confirmadas até o final do século. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os impactos das mudanças climáticas sobre a produção leiteira nos estados de Alagoas, Bahia e Sergipe. Os valores do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU), do declínio da produção de leite (DPL) e da redução do consumo alimentar (RCA) de vacas leiteiras foram calculados para os cenários climáticos B1 e A1F1 do IPCC. Utilizou-se um modelo multiplicativo para estimar o efeito das alterações de temperatura sobre os valores normais da umidade relativa do ar. Com base em ambos os cenários do IPCC, as regiões produtoras, situadas no norte e litoral do estado da Bahia e áreas litorâneas dos estados de Alagoas e Sergipe, serão afetadas expressivamente em decorrência do aumento do estresse térmico, com reduções marcantes na produção de leite e no consumo alimentar, especialmente de animais com alto potencial genético de produção. Este cenário pode afetar as atuais regiões produtoras dos estados nordestinos, de forma que a exploração leiteira seja limitada aos animais com baixo desempenho produtivo.

          Translated abstract

          Milk production is an activity of great importance in the Brazilian context, and it may be directly and indirectly affected if current climate predictions are confirmed until the end of this century. The objective of this work was to estimate climate change impacts on milk production in the states of Alagoas, Bahia and Sergipe. Values of the temperature humidity index (THI), decline in milk production (DMP) and decline in feed intake (DFI) of dairy cows were calculated for the B1 and A1F1 climate scenarios, described by the IPCC. A multiplicative model was used to estimate the effect of temperature change on the normal values of relative humidity. Based on both IPCC scenarios, production regions, located in the north and coast of the Bahia state and coastal areas of the states of Alagoas and Sergipe, will be adversely affected due to thermal stress, with profound reduction in milk production and feed intake, especially in case of animals with high genetic production potential. This scenario may affect the current producing in the northeastern states of Brazil, in such a way that milk production be limited only to animals with low productive performance.

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            Genetic Component of Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle, Development of Heat Index Function.

            Production data obtained from AIPL USDA included 119,337 first-parity, test-day records of 15,012 Holsteins from 134 Georgia farms collected in 1990 to 1997. Weather information was obtained from the Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network and included daily minimum, average, and maximum temperatures and humidity for 21 stations throughout the state. Each test-day record was augmented with weather information from the closest weather station. Analyses were based on models that included effects of herd-year-season, age, test day, milking frequency, and several types of heat and humidity. The best model used a temperature-humidity index. With this model, the average test-day yield for milk was about 26.3 kg for a temperature-humidity index or =72. For fat and protein, the test yield was 0.92 and 0.85 kg at a temperature-humidity index <72, respectively, and declined at a rate of 0.012 and 0.009 kg per degree of the temperature-humidity index, respectively. The temperature-humidity index calculated with the available weather information can be used to account for the effect of heat stress on production.
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              Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads.

              The focal point of this limited review is bioenergetic research conducted in the Biological Engineering Research Unit at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC), using recently developed instrumentation and analytical techniques. The dynamics of observed thermoregulatory responses in cattle to thermal heat load challenges are explored, with an emphasis on physiological and behavioral parameters of body temperature, respiration rate, and feed intake. Observations of body temperature, especially tympanic temperature, have shown hot environments to cause phase shifts, increased amplitude, and increased means for diurnal rhythms. Fractal analysis of body temperature records obtained at 2- to 10-min intervals has been found to be robust for objectively differentiating among responses of cattle in cool to hot environments, and it indicates a stress threshold of approximately 25 degrees C (coincident with declining feed intake). Other analyses determined a 21 degrees C threshold for increased respiration rate. The reported observations and analyses provide further understanding of how and why the animals respond to environmental challenges, an understanding that is necessary for refining performance models and developing energetic and thermoregulatory models. The dynamic responses are discussed in the context of establishing criteria for proactive environmental management for cattle during hot weather, using heat waves as an example.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbeaa
                Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
                Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.
                Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola - UFCG (Campina Grande )
                1807-1929
                2010
                : 14
                : 8
                : 863-870
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Brazil
                [2 ] Embrapa Semiárido Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Viçosa Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco Brazil
                Article
                S1415-43662010000800011
                10.1590/S1415-43662010000800011
                1029aa44-32c6-4fe6-b775-cf290d3bc093

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1415-4366&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
                ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

                Agricultural engineering,General environmental science
                thermal comfort,dairy cattle,THI,climatic risk,GIS,conforto térmico,gado leiteiro,ITU,risco climático,SIG

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