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      Study of the most frequent natural tooth colors in the Spanish population using spectrophotometry

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          Abstract

          PURPOSE

          To identify the most frequent natural tooth colors using the Easyshade Compact (Vita -Zahnfabrik) spectrophotometer on a sample of the Spanish population according to the 3D Master System.

          MATERIALS AND METHODS

          The middle third of the facial surface of natural maxillary central incisors was measured with an Easyshade Compact spectrophotometer (Vita Zahnfabrik) in 1361 Caucasian Spanish participants aged between 16 and 89 years. Natural tooth color was recorded using the 3D Master System nomenclature. The program used for the present descriptive statistical analysis of the results was SAS 9.1.3.

          RESULTS

          The results show that the most frequent dental color in the total sample studied is 3M1 (7.05%), followed by the intermediate shade 1M1.5 (6.91%) and 2L1.5 (6.02%).

          CONCLUSION

          According to the research methodology used, and taking into account the limitations of this study, it can be proposed that the most frequent color among the Spanish population is 3M1; the most common lightness group is 2; the most frequent hue group according to the 3D Master System is M and the most frequent chroma group is 1.5.

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          Visual and spectrophotometric shade analysis of human teeth.

          Christoph Hammerle, Elizabeth Paul, N Pietrobon … (2002)
          Due to interhuman differences in the perception of color, visual shade assessment of human teeth is lacking standardization that may be improved by the use of a spectrophotometer. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that spectrophotometric assessment of tooth color is comparable with human visual determination. On 30 patients, three operators with unreported visual color deficiency independently selected the best match to the middle third of unrestored maxillary central incisors, using a Vita Classical Shade Guide. The same teeth were measured by means of a reflectance spectrophotometer. In the human group, all 3 visual shade selections matched in only 26.6%. In the spectrophotometric group, all 3 shade selections matched in 83.3%. In 93.3%, Delta E values of visually assessed tooth shades were higher than spectrophotometrically assessed Delta E values (p < 0.0001). The results suggest that spectrophotometric shade analysis is more accurate and more reproducible compared with human shade assessment.
          Article 0 comments Cited 71 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A comparison of new and conventional methods for quantification of tooth color.

            T. van Tienen, W J Kortsmit, P Borsboom … (1990)
            Tooth color is caused by volume reflection, that is, passage of incident light through the tooth followed by backward emergence. This passage is concurrent with sideward displacement of photons that, in effect, influences the result of usual instrumental methods of determining tooth color. This problem is overcome by the use of large-field illumination and small-field observation. A fiber-optics colorimeter based on this principle is described. The color observed through two holes in a double box was visually matched by subtractive adjustment of the illuminating color in one box, whereas the other box showed the central part of the tooth diffusely illuminated by illuminant C light. This colorimeter was tested on wet, extracted human incisors in the tooth arch of a phantom-head. Results were compared with a visual standard-strip method described previously and with a conventional spectrophotometer. It was concluded that the fiber-optics colorimeter is a promising instrument, although technical improvement is necessary.
            Article 0 comments Cited 38 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The prevalence of tooth discolouration and the self-satisfaction with tooth colour in a Chinese urban population.

              J. Xiao, D. Zhou, Xiangbin Xu … (2007)
              To determine the prevalence of tooth discolouration, self-satisfaction with tooth colour, and correlation with socio-demographic-behavioural factors in adults and teenagers in Chengdu, China. A cross-sectional survey. 405 Chinese urban adults and teenagers from a multistage random probability sample. Tooth colour was measured on the maxillary central incisors using a colorimeter. Tooth discolouration was determined according to the discolouration level figure and evaluation criteria. Self-satisfaction with tooth colour was assessed on a five-point qualitative scale. Data were coded and analyzed using SPSS software. The mean values for L*, a* and b* were 70.67 (s.d. 1.91), 4.29 (s.d. 2.05) and 17.51 (s.d. 4.13), respectively. Age and sex were the most important factors associated with tooth colour (P < 0.05). About half of the study population (48.9%) suffered from some tooth discolouration, and 52.6% were dissatisfied with their tooth colour. Education and smoking were significant factors affecting self-satisfaction with tooth colour (P < 0.05). Tooth discolouration is common among the Chinese, and many Chinese are dissatisfied with their tooth colour. Self-satisfaction with tooth colour decreased with increasing severity of discolouration. Further research is needed to determine types of tooth discolouration among broader regions in China.
              Article 0 comments Cited 28 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Adv Prosthodont
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Adv Prosthodont
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JAP
                Title: The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
                Publisher: The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
                ISSN (Print): 2005-7806
                ISSN (Electronic): 2005-7814
                Publication date (Print): December 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 December 2015
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 413-422
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departament of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain.
                [2 ]Departament of Orofacial Prosthesis, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Cristina Gómez-Polo. Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Clinica Odontologica, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain. Tel. 34 636402669, crisgodent@ 123456usal.es , crisgodent@ 123456hotmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-5841
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-8484
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5440-433X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-2805
                Article
                DOI: 10.4047/jap.2015.7.6.413
                PMC ID: 4722144
                PubMed ID: 26816571
                SO-VID: 1073ef93-f70b-4a10-93fe-00b3ea59f709
                Copyright © © 2015 The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 April 2015
                Date revision received : 29 July 2015
                Date accepted : 29 October 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: tooth,color,spectrophotometry,population,age,gender
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: tooth, color, spectrophotometry, population, age, gender

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