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      The frailty syndrome in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated factors Translated title: Síndrome da Fragilidade em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e fatores associados

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective: To compare clinical-functional factors among groups in relation to the frailty syndrome (pre-frail and frail) phenotype profile in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2). Methods: A descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was performed. A total of 113 diabetic older adults of both sexes were evaluated in terms of their personal, socio-demographic, clinical-functional, mental, cognitive and fragility phenotype data. The Chi-square test and a logistic regression model were used. Results: The mean age was 68.66±6.62 years, and the sample was mostly female (61.9%), illiterate or with an incomplete primary education (60.2%), pre-frail (52.2%), sedentary (79.6%), and had been diagnosed with DM2 for more than 5 years (58.3%). There was a significant association between “pre-frail and frail” individuals and schooling (p=0.004), social participation (p=0.004), a subjective perception of vision (p=0.004), glycated hemoglobin (p=0.036), limb pain (p=0.012), depressive symptoms (p=0.002) and mobility (p=0.004). The logistic regression model showed an accuracy of 93.6% and the significant variables were education (p=0.039), pain in the lower limbs (p=0.025) and risk of falls (p=0.033). Conclusion: among all the factors related to the “pre-frail” and “frail” phenotype, schooling, pain in the lower limbs and mobility were most related to the worsening of the syndrome and its progress.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Objetivo: Comparar os fatores clínico-funcionais entre os grupos relacionados ao perfil do fenótipo da síndrome da fragilidade (pré-frágil e frágil) em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2). Método: Estudo descritivo, analítico, de caráter transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. Foram avaliados 113 idosos diabéticos de ambos os sexos em relação aos dados pessoais, sociodemográficos, clínico-funcionais, função mental, cognitiva e fenótipo de fragilidade. Foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado e um modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: A média etária foi 68,66±6,62 anos, maioria feminina (61,9%), analfabeto ou fundamental I incompleto (60,2%), pré-frágil (52,2%), sedentários (79,6%) e diagnosticados com DM2 há mais de 5 anos (58,3%). Houve associação significativa entre os grupos pré-frágil e frágil e escolaridade (p=0,004), participação social (p=0,004), percepção subjetiva da visão (p=0,004), hemoglobina glicada (p=0,036), dor em membros inferiores (p<0,001), quedas (p=0,012), sintomas depressivos (p=0,002) e mobilidade (p=0,004). O modelo de regressão logística apresentou acurácia de 93,6% e as variáveis significantes foram: escolaridade (p=0,039), dor em membros inferiores (p=0,025) e risco de quedas (p=0,033). Conclusão: Dentre todos os fatores relacionados com os grupos do fenótipo de fragilidade pré-frágil e frágil, escolaridade, dor em membros inferiores e mobilidade foram os que mais se relacionaram com a piora da síndrome e seu avançar.

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          Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities.

          Insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is a key defect mediating the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes, a disease that typically affects people in later life. Sarcopenia (age-related loss of muscle mass and quality) is a risk factor for a number of frailty-related conditions that occur in the elderly. In addition, a syndrome of 'sarcopenic obesity' (SO) is now increasingly recognised, which is common in older people and is applied to individuals that simultaneously show obesity, IR and sarcopenia. Such individuals are at an increased risk of adverse health events compared with those who are obese or sarcopenic alone. However, there are no licenced treatments for sarcopenia or SO, the syndrome is poorly defined clinically and the mechanisms that might explain a common aetiology are not yet well characterised. In this review, we detail the nature and extent of the clinical syndrome, highlight some of the key physiological processes that are dysregulated and discuss some candidate molecular pathways that could be implicated in both metabolic and anabolic defects in skeletal muscle, with an eye towards future therapeutic options. In particular, the potential roles of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signalling, AMP-activated protein kinase, myostatin, urocortins and vitamin D are discussed.
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            Where frailty meets diabetes.

            Diabetes is a chronic illness that has an effect on multiple organ systems. Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to stressors and a limited capacity to maintain homeostasis. It is a multidimensional concept and a dynamic condition that can improve or worsen over time. Frailty is either physical or psychological or a combination of these two components. Sarcopenia, which is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, is the main attributor to the physical form of frailty. Although the pathophysiology of diabetes is commonly focused on impaired insulin secretion, overload of gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance, newer insights broaden this etiologic horizon. Immunologic factors that create a chronic state of low-grade inflammation--'inflammaging'--have an influence on both the ageing process and diabetes. Persons with diabetes mellitus already tend to have an accelerated ageing process that places them at greater risk for developing frailty at an earlier age. The development of frailty--and sarcopenia--is multifactorial and includes nutritional, physical and hormonal elements; these elements are interlinked with those of diabetes. A lower muscle mass will lead to poorer glycaemic control through lower muscle glucose uptake. This leads to higher insulin secretion and insulin resistance, which is the stepping stone for diabetes itself.
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              Diabetes and Frailty: Two Converging Conditions?

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbgg
                Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia
                Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol.
                Universidade do Estado do Rio Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1809-9823
                1981-2256
                2020
                : 23
                : 1
                : e190196
                Affiliations
                [2] Natal Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fonoaudiologia orgdiv2Departamento de Fonoaudiologia Brazil
                [1] Natal Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia orgdiv2Departamento de Fisioterapia Brazil
                Article
                S1809-98232020000100201 S1809-9823(20)02300100201
                10.1590/1981-22562020023.200196
                10d5b2f3-6aa7-4551-9664-d997c23c79cb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 April 2020
                : 18 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 0
                Categories
                Original Articles

                Saúde do Idoso,Fragilidade,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2,Frailty,Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2,Health of the Elderly

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