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      Psicologia, sáude e nutrição: contributo para o estudo do comportamento alimentar

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          Abstract

          O comportamento alimentar constitui um importante aspecto dos hábitos e estilo de vida que importa abordar do ponto de vista da Psicologia. Tradicionalmente o processo alimentar tem sido estudado no caso das perturbações do comportamento alimentar. A abordagem que apresentamos é a do comportamento alimentar do sujeito normal no contexto teórico e metodológico da Psicologia da Saúde. A Nutrição está intrinsecamente associada à saúde e à doença. Algumas das mais assustadoras doenças do nosso tempo são em grande parte atribuíveis a hábitos alimentares não saudáveis adquiridos na infância e na adolescência. A compreensão do comportamento e do estilo alimentar, incluindo os aspectos psicológicos que lhe estão subjacentes, parece ser determinante na possibilidade de se definirem estratégias visando implementar mudanças de índole terapêutica ou educacional com vista à promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Neste trabalho procuramos demonstrar o papel da Psicologia na investigação no domínio da Nutrição, sobre as relações entre o comportamento alimentar e asaúde. É realçado o contributo da Psicologia para a compreensão do ser saudável e para a adopção de estratégias de prevenção primária e educação para a saúde, nomeadamente no caso dos jovens.

          Translated abstract

          Eating behaviour is one of the most important aspects of habits and lifestyle that has to be taken as object of Health Psychology approach. Eating and nutrition have been studied, in Clinical Psychology, from the point of view of the pathological processes and as eating disorders. Health Psychology approaches eating behaviour in the normal person and in a specific theoretical and methodological context. Nutrition is obviously related to disease and health. Some of the most frightening diseases of our days are in some degree the result of unhealthy eating habits learned in childhood and adolescence. This is the case of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, obesity and others. If unhealthy habits led to this disorders, healthy eating habits can prevent some of them and are in general part of their treatment. In this paper we present some aspects about the contribution of the Health Psychology in the research of eating behaviour and nutrition. The understanding of behaviour and eating style, witch include psychological factors, seems to be fundamental for the development of strategies in order to promote changes regarding healthy lifestyle.

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          Most cited references135

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          Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease.

          W Dietz (1998)
          Obesity now affects one in five children in the United States. Discrimination against overweight children begins early in childhood and becomes progressively institutionalized. Because obese children tend to be taller than their nonoverweight peers, they are apt to be viewed as more mature. The inappropriate expectations that result may have an adverse effect on their socialization. Many of the cardiovascular consequences that characterize adult-onset obesity are preceded by abnormalities that begin in childhood. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and abnormal glucose tolerance occur with increased frequency in obese children and adolescents. The relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to visceral fat independent of total body fat remains unclear. Sleep apnea, pseudotumor cerebri, and Blount's disease represent major sources of morbidity for which rapid and sustained weight reduction is essential. Although several periods of increased risk appear in childhood, it is not clear whether obesity with onset early in childhood carries a greater risk of adult morbidity and mortality. Obesity is now the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in the United States. Although obesity-associated morbidities occur more frequently in adults, significant consequences of obesity as well as the antecedents of adult disease occur in obese children and adolescents. In this review, I consider the adverse effects of obesity in children and adolescents and attempt to outline areas for future research. I refer to obesity as a body mass index greater than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and gender.
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            Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935.

            Overweight in adults is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In contrast, the long-term effect of overweight in adolescence on morbidity and mortality is not known. We studied the relation between overweight and morbidity and mortality in 508 lean or overweight adolescents 13 to 18 years old who participated in the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. Overweight adolescents were defined as those with a body-mass index that on two occasions was greater than the 75th percentile in subjects of the same age and sex in a large national survey. Lean adolescents were defined as those with a body-mass index between the 25th and 50th percentiles. Subjects who were still alive were interviewed in 1988 to obtain information about their medical history, weight, functional capacity, and other risk factors. For those who had died, information on the cause of death was obtained from death certificates. Overweight in adolescent subjects was associated with an increased risk of mortality from all causes and disease-specific mortality among men, but not among women. The relative risks among men were 1.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.7; P = 0.004) for mortality from all causes and 2.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 4.1; P = 0.002) for mortality from coronary heart disease. The risk of morbidity from coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis was increased among men and women who had been overweight in adolescence. The risk of colorectal cancer and gout was increased among men and the risk of arthritis was increased among women who had been overweight in adolescence. Overweight in adolescence was a more powerful predictor of these risks than overweight in adulthood. Overweight in adolescence predicted a broad range of adverse health effects that were independent of adult weight after 55 years of follow-up.
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              Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature.

              Obese children may be at increased risk of becoming obese adults. To examine the relationship between obesity in childhood and obesity in adulthood, we reviewed the epidemiologic literature published between 1970 and July 1992. Comparison between studies was complicated by differences in study design, definitions of obesity, and analytic methods used. Although the correlations between anthropometric measures of obesity in childhood and those in adulthood varied considerably among studies, the associations were consistently positive. About a third (26 to 41%) of obese preschool children were obese as adults, and about half (42 to 63%) of obese school-age children were obese as adults. For all studies and across all ages, the risk of adult obesity was at least twice as high for obese children as for nonobese children. The risk of adult obesity was greater for children who were at higher levels of obesity and for children who were obese at older ages. The wide range of estimates in this literature are, in part, due to differences in study designs, definitions of obesity, ages at which participants were measured, intervals between measurements, and population and cultural differences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aps
                Análise Psicológica
                Aná. Psicológica
                Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada (Lisboa )
                1646-6020
                November 2002
                : 20
                : 4
                : 611-624
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade do Porto Portugal
                [2 ] Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte Portugal
                [3 ] Hospital São João Portugal
                Article
                S0870-82312002000400006
                11d0dd2f-b86a-4549-abaa-eab7d5c9dffa

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0870-8231&lng=en
                Categories
                PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Health psychology,nutrition,eating behavior,life style,eating style,Psicologia da saúde,nutrição,comportamento alimentar,estilo de vida,estilo alimentar

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