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      The use of sunflower transcription factors as biotechnological tools to improve yield and stress tolerance in crops Translated title: El uso de factores de transcripción en girasol como herramienta biotecnológica para incrementar el rendimiento y la tolerancia al estrés de los cultivos

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          Abstract

          Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins able to specifically recognize DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of their target genes. They bind these specific sequences, an event that leads to the activation or repression of whole signal transduction pathways. In plants about 1500 TFs were informatically identified; identification was mainly based in the presence of DNA-binding domains in the translated sequences. They were classified in families and subfamilies according to several features, including the conservation of the DNA binding domain, the genes structures and the functions they exert. Among transcription factors, several seem to be potential powerful biotechnological tools to improve crops via obtaining transgenic plants. Assigned purposes include: yield improvements, abiotic and biotic stress tolerances, and a combination of them. None of them is up to date a product market, since from the gene discovery to the regulation process (which differs in each country) there is a long pipeline to run. Since a few years ago, our research group is devoted to the structural and functional characterization of sunflower transcription factors, especially those belonging to the HD-Zip family. Members of this family exhibit in their structure a homeodomain (HD) associated to a leucine zipper (LZ). This association is unique to plants, being these two domains common to transcription factors from several kingdoms. It was proposed by other authors, and also by us, that this unique association is probably due to specific plant responses as plant development, which depends on environmental conditions. In this work we show an overview and new insights of the sunflower HD-Zip proteins, demonstrating to be useful biotechnological tools to confer drought, salt, herbicide, and herbivory (e.g. insect) tolerance, and other abiotic and biotic tolerance to stressgenerating factors. Like other TFs, sunflower HD-Zip transcription factors confer a complex phenotype to transgenic plants due to a combination of different regulated pathways. It is likely that TFs become the choice for breeders in the near future due to the demonstrated efficiency in conferring desired traits to transgenic plants. Additionally, from the public perception standpoint, the over or ectopic expression of a plant gene should be more accepted than the use of molecules from foreign organisms.

          Translated abstract

          Los factores de transcripción (FTs) son proteínas capaces de reconocer y unir en forma específica secuencias de ADN presentes en las regiones regulatorias de los genes que resultan ser sus blancos. Cuando los FTs unen estas secuencias se produce la activación o la represión, según el caso, de vías de transducción de señales completas. En plantas cuyo genoma se conoce se han identificado con la ayuda de herramientas informáticas y en base a la presencia de dominios conservados de unión a ADN unos 1500 FTs. Estos fueron clasificados en familias y subfamilias de acuerdo a una serie de características estructurales y funcionales. Algunos de estos FTs podrían convertirse en poderosas herramientas biotecnológicas para el mejoramiento de cultivos de interés agronómico vía transgénesis. Los usos posibles serían, entre otros, el aumento de los rendimientos y la tolerancia a distintos tipos de estrés tanto de origen abiótico como biológico. Sin embargo, ninguno de estos FTs es hasta ahora un producto de mercado y esto es debido a que desde el descubrimiento de la funcionalidad de un gen hasta llegar a los procesos de regulación de transgénicos, que varían en los diferentes países, existen muchas etapas y pruebas a realizar que toman su correspondiente tiempo. Nuestro grupo de investigación se dedica desde hace años a la caracterización funcional de FTs de girasol, especialmente a aquellos que pertenecen a la familia HD-Zip. Los FTs de esta familia se caracterizan por la presencia en su estructura de un homeodominio (HD) asociado a un cierre de leucinas (LZ, del inglés "leucine zipper"). Si bien estos dos dominios existen en FTs pertenecientes a organismos de otros reinos, la asociación de ambos en una única proteína es una particularidad del reino vegetal y por eso se ha postulado que este tipo de FTs intervendría en procesos o eventos exclusivos de las plantas como el desarrollo dependiente de las condiciones ambientales. En este trabajo se muestra un panorama general, así como algunos nuevos aspectos novedosos inherentes a las funciones de las proteínas HD-Zip de girasol. Estas proteínas presentan un potencial biotecnológico relevante para conferir a los cultivos tolerancia a estrés hídrico, altas concentraciones de sales, herbicidas, ataque de insectos y otros factores generadores de estrés. En forma similar a lo que sucede con otros FTs que se expresan como transgenes, las proteínas HD-Zip confieren fenotipos complejos. Estos fenotipos complejos se dan por laregulación positiva o negativa de varias vías de transducción de señales al unísono. Creemos que en un futuro cercano los FTs van a ser los transgenes de elección para los mejoradores ya que han demostrado ser muy eficientes para generar características deseables en plantas. Además, para la percepción pública sería más aceptable sobre-expresar un gen vegetal que introducir en las plantas un gen proveniente de otros reinos.

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          Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination.

          Farmers and breeders have long known that often it is the simultaneous occurrence of several abiotic stresses, rather than a particular stress condition, that is most lethal to crops. Surprisingly, the co-occurrence of different stresses is rarely addressed by molecular biologists that study plant acclimation. Recent studies have revealed that the response of plants to a combination of two different abiotic stresses is unique and cannot be directly extrapolated from the response of plants to each of the different stresses applied individually. Tolerance to a combination of different stress conditions, particularly those that mimic the field environment, should be the focus of future research programs aimed at developing transgenic crops and plants with enhanced tolerance to naturally occurring environmental conditions.
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            The promoter of the sunflower HD-Zip protein gene Hahb4 directs tissue-specific expression and is inducible by water stress, high salt concentrations and ABA

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              Patents on Plant Transcription Factors

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                phyton
                Phyton (Buenos Aires)
                Phyton (B. Aires)
                Fundación Rómulo Raggio (Vicente López )
                1851-5657
                June 2009
                : 78
                : 1
                : 5-10
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET Argentina
                Article
                S1851-56572009000100002
                12a1ff9a-8bf1-40a7-914c-2d435f1e6701

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1851-5657&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                Sunflower,Transcription factors,HD-Zip,Homeodomain,Leucine zipper,Abiotic stress,Biotic stress,Girasol,Factores de transcripción,Homeodominio,Cierre de leucinas,Estrés abiótico,Estrés biótico

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