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      Índices de calidad y eficiencia diagnóstica de varios marcadores de función renal para detectar la pérdida de parénquima en la edad pediátrica Translated title: Diagnostic efficiency and quality indexes of several markers of renal function for detecting the loss of parenchyma in paediatric patients

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          Abstract

          Introducción: En una muestra amplia de niños diagnosticados de malformaciones del tracto urinario y/o infección urinaria, hemos calculado los índices de calidad y eficiencia diagnóstica de cinco marcadores funcionales con la intención de comprobar cuáles son los más sensibles para detectar la existencia de una pérdida de parénquima renal. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo transversal en el que se han evaluado las historias clínicas de 179 pacientes en edad pediátrica (91 varones, 88 mujeres). En 102 de ellos (57%), la gammagrafía demostró pérdida de parénquima. Las lesiones morfológicas más frecuentes fueron las cicatrices renales. A todos se les había practicado, al menos, una prueba de concentración realizada con estímulo de desmopresina. Además, se recogieron los resultados de los cocientes albúmina/creatinina y N-acetilglucosaminidasa (NAG)/creatinina, el filtrado glomerular renal (FGR) y el volumen urinario. Resultados: Distribuidos los pacientes según la normalidad o anormalidad de la gammagrafía, se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos en cuanto a la osmolalidad urinaria máxima y el FGR. El volumen urinario estaba elevado en el 31,3% de los casos (sensibilidad: 37,9%, especificidad: 81,8%) y en el 24% se comprobó defecto de la capacidad de concentración renal (sensibilidad: 30,4%, especificidad: 84,8%). En el 12,2% de los niños la eliminación urinaria de albúmina estaba incrementada y en el 7,2% lo estaba el cociente NAG/creatinina. El FGR estaba reducido únicamente en el 5,7% de los pacientes. Estos dos últimos marcadores fueron los menos sensibles pero los más específicos para detectar pérdida de parénquima renal (100%). Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, las pruebas funcionales más sensibles para detectar pérdida de parénquima fueron las dos que estudian el manejo renal del agua, volumen urinario y osmolalidad urinaria máxima. Ambas mostraron, además, una especificidad superior al 80%. No obstante, la especificidad fue máxima para el cociente NAG/creatinina y el FGR que, a su vez, fueron las pruebas menos sensibles. Un FGR normal no indica necesariamente una función renal normal.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: We analysed a large sample of children diagnosed with urinary tract malformations and/or infections and calculated diagnostic efficiency and quality indexes for five different functional markers, with the goal of testing which is the most sensitive for detecting a loss of renal parenchyma. Patients and method: Ours was a cross-sectional retrospective study in which the clinical histories of 179 paediatric patients (91 male and 88 female) were evaluated. In 102 of these patients (57%), a scintigraphy revealed loss of parenchyma. The most commonly observed morphological type of damage was renal scarring. All patients had undergone at least one desmopressin urine concentration test. We also analysed albumin/creatinine and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG)/creatinine ratios, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urine volume. Results: By distributing patients according to normal/abnormal scintigraphy, we observed statistically significant differences between the two groups in maximum urine osmolality and GFR. Urine volume was elevated in 31.3% of cases (sensitivity: 37.9%; specificity: 81.8%) and 24% had a defect in renal concentrating ability (sensitivity: 30.4%; specificity: 84.8%). Urinary albumin excretion was high in 12.2% of patients, and 7.2% had a high NAG/creatinine ratio. GFR was low in only 5.7% of patients. These last two markers were the least sensitive but most specific for detecting a loss of renal parenchyma (100%). Conclusions: In our study, the most sensitive functional tests for detecting the loss of renal parenchyma were the two that take into account the ability of the kidney to manage water, i.e. urine volume and maximum urine osmolality. These two tests had specificity >80%. However, the maximum specificity was obtained by the NAG/creatinine ratio and GFR, which were, conversely, the least sensitive tests. A normal GFR does not necessarily show normal renal function.

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          A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine.

          Based on statistical analysis of data in 186 children, a formula was derived which allows accurate estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from plasma creatinine and body lenght (GFR(ml/min/1.73 sq m) = 0.55 length (cm)/Per (mg/dl). Its application to clearance data in a separate group of 223 children reveals excellent agreement with GFR estimated by the Ccr (r = .935) or Cin (r = .905). This formula should be useful for adjusting dosages of drugs excreted by the kidney and detecting significant changes in renal function.
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            Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. The Steno hypothesis.

            Albuminuria in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes is not only an indication of renal disease, but a new, independent risk-marker of proliferative retinopathy and macroangiopathy. The coincidence of generalised vascular dysfunction and albuminuria, advanced mesangial expansion, proliferative retinopathy, and severe macroangiopathy suggests a common cause of albuminuria and the severe renal and extrarenal complications associated with it. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of anionic components of the extracellular matrix (e.g. heparan sulphate proteoglycan) vulnerable to hyperglycaemia, seem to constitute the primary cause of albuminuria and the associated complications. Genetic polymorphism of such enzymes is possibly the main reason for variation in susceptibility.
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              Microalbuminuria as an early marker for cardiovascular disease.

              Excretion of albumin in the urine is highly variable, ranging from nondetectable quantities to milligrams of albumin and even grams of albumin. Microalbuminuria is defined as low levels of urinary albumin excretion of 30 to 300 mg/d. Microalbuminuria is highly prevalent; in hypertensive and diabetic populations, its prevalence varies from 10 to 40%. It is interesting that microalbuminuria also is found frequently in seemingly healthy individuals (5 to 7%). The variable excretion of albumin in the urine is related to the risk for the individual to develop cardiovascular (CV) disease: Absence or very low levels of albuminuria is associated with low CV risk, whereas the CV risk increases markedly with increasing amount of albumin in the urine (even within the now considered normal range). The predictive power of urinary albumin levels for CV risk is independent of other CV risk factors and not only is present in individual with diabetes and/or hypertension but also in healthy individuals. Treatments that lower albuminuria are associated with CV protection, as demonstrated in randomized, controlled trials of patients with diabetes as well as in patients with hypertension. There is preliminary evidence that albuminuria lowering is CV protective in healthy individuals with an elevated albumin excretion rate. Differences between individuals in their level of albumin excretion are already observed at a very early age (just after birth). In fact, the interindividual variability seems to be relatively constant in the first 5 decades of life, indicating that microalbuminuria is not necessarily a consequence of vascular damage at later age. Higher levels of urinary albumin seem to reflect the ordinary interindividual variability in (renal and systemic) endothelial function. Experimental data show that between strains and even within strains, rats at young age show a remarkable difference in individual endothelial function, and this is strongly related to the susceptibility of that rat to organ damage. In conclusion, albuminuria seems to be a sensitive marker very early in life for the susceptibility of an individual to CV disease. It therefore may be an ideal target for early primary prevention using CV-protective therapy regimens.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2012
                : 32
                : 4
                : 486-493
                Affiliations
                [02] La Laguna orgnameHospital Universitario de Canarias orgdiv1Sección de Pediatría
                [01] Santa Cruz de Tenerife orgnameHospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria orgdiv1Sección de Nefrología Pediátrica
                Article
                S0211-69952012000600010
                10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2012.Jan.11168
                148dd387-7b3a-46ac-93cf-3a276c825fcd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 January 2012
                : 21 September 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Capacidad de concentración,Volumen urinario,Albuminuria,NAG,CAKUT,Enfermedad renal crónica,Pérdida de parénquima renal,Concentrating capacity,Urinary volume,Chronic kidney disease,Loss of renal parenchyma

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