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      Parenting style and family type, but not child temperament, are associated with television viewing time in children at two years of age

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Despite the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommending that electronic media be avoided in children under two years of age, screen use is common in infants and toddlers. The aims of this study were to determine how parenting style, infant temperament, and family type are associated with television viewing in two-year-old children.

          Study design

          Participants were from the Prevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) randomized controlled trial (n = 802) (Dunedin, New Zealand). Demographic information was collected at baseline (late pregnancy), and television and other screen time assessed by questionnaire at 24 months of age. Parenting style (Parenting Practices Questionnaire), infant temperament (Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory), and family type (7 categories) were reported by both parents.

          Results

          Data were available for 487 participants (61% of the original participants). Median television viewing was relatively low at 21 minutes per day, or 30 minutes in those watching television (82%). Children who watched television played with mobile phones (12% of children) or iPads/tablets (22% of children) more frequently than children who did not (6% of children). In terms of parenting style, children of more authoritarian mothers (β = 17, 95% CI: 6–27 minutes), more authoritarian partners (β = 14, 95% CI: 2–26 minutes), or more permissive mothers (β = 10, 95% CI: 3–17 minutes) watched significantly more television. No significant relationships were observed between child temperament and time watching television after adjustment for confounding variables. Children from “active” families (as rated by partners) watched 29 minutes less television each day ( P = 0.002).

          Conclusions

          Parenting style and family type were associated with television viewing time in young children, whereas child temperament was not.

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          Most cited references40

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          Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

          The development of a 10-item self-report scale (EPDS) to screen for Postnatal Depression in the community is described. After extensive pilot interviews a validation study was carried out on 84 mothers using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for depressive illness obtained from Goldberg's Standardised Psychiatric Interview. The EPDS was found to have satisfactory sensitivity and specificity, and was also sensitive to change in the severity of depression over time. The scale can be completed in about 5 minutes and has a simple method of scoring. The use of the EPDS in the secondary prevention of Postnatal Depression is discussed.
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            Screening for depression during pregnancy with the edinburgh depression scale (EDDS)

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              AUTHORITATIVE, AUTHORITARIAN, AND PERMISSIVE PARENTING PRACTICES: DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW MEASURE

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                20 December 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 12
                : e0188558
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
                [2 ] Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
                [3 ] Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
                [4 ] Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
                Swansea University, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                [¤]

                Current address: Department of General Practice and Primary Healthcare, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-6578
                Article
                PONE-D-16-25788
                10.1371/journal.pone.0188558
                5737952
                29261676
                14f984a6-8b31-4008-9320-070b257fa125
                © 2017 Howe et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 June 2016
                : 7 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001505, Health Research Council of New Zealand;
                Award ID: 08/374
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001505, Health Research Council of New Zealand;
                Award ID: 12/281
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001505, Health Research Council of New Zealand;
                Award ID: 12/310
                Award Recipient :
                The POI study was funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand (grants 08/374, 12/281 and 12/310) to BJT and RWT. RWT is also supported by the KPS Fellowship in Early Childhood Obesity. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                Infants
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Infants
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Physical Activity
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                Toddlers
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Toddlers
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Ethnicities
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Maternal Health
                Pregnancy
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Pregnancy
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Behavior
                Parenting Behavior
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Mothers
                Custom metadata
                Data are not available as permission was not obtained from participants for use by anyone outside of the research team. Interested parties can contact the Research Manager at diabetes@ 123456otago.ac to request data access.

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