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      Ependymal cells SCOre sweet cerebrospinal fluid

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      PLOS Biology
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          Abstract

          The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a secretory tissue located on the roof of the brain’s third ventricle. A new study published in PLOS Biology finds that the SCO responds to glucose by secreting signaling molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thereby decreasing the local ependyma-driven CSF movement.

          Abstract

          The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a secretory tissue located on the roof of brain’s third ventricle. This Primer explores a new PLOS Biology study revealing that the SCO responds to glucose by secreting signaling molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thereby decreasing the local ependyma-driven CSF movement.

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          Most cited references8

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          Hypothalamic glucose sensing: making ends meet

          The neuroendocrine system governs essential survival and homeostatic functions. For example, growth is needed for development, thermoregulation maintains optimal core temperature in a changing environment, and reproduction ensures species survival. Stress and immune responses enable an organism to overcome external and internal threats while the circadian system regulates arousal and sleep such that vegetative and active functions do not overlap. All of these functions require a significant portion of the body's energy. As the integrator of the neuroendocrine system, the hypothalamus carefully assesses the energy status of the body in order to appropriately partition resources to provide for each system without compromising the others. While doing so the hypothalamus must ensure that adequate glucose levels are preserved for brain function since glucose is the primary fuel of the brain. To this end, the hypothalamus contains specialized glucose sensing neurons which are scattered throughout the nuclei controlling distinct neuroendocrine functions. We hypothesize that these neurons play a key role in enabling the hypothalamus to partition energy to meet these peripheral survival needs without endangering the brain's glucose supply. This review will first describe the varied mechanisms underlying glucose sensing in neurons within discrete hypothalamic nuclei. We will then evaluate the way in which peripheral energy status regulates glucose sensitivity. For example, during energy deficit such as fasting specific hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons become sensitized to decreased glucose. This increases the gain of the information relay when glucose availability is a greater concern for the brain. Finally, changes in glucose sensitivity under pathological conditions (e.g., recurrent insulin-hypoglycemia, diabetes) will be addressed. The overall goal of this review is to place glucose sensing neurons within the context of hypothalamic control of neuroendocrine function.
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            Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow

            Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid around the central nervous system and through the brain transports not only those water-like fluids but also any solutes they carry, including nutrients, drugs, and metabolic wastes. Passing through brain tissue primarily during sleep, this circulation has implications for neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, for tissue damage during stroke and cardiac arrest, and for flow-related disorders such as hydrocephalus and syringomyelia. Recent experimental results reveal several features of this flow, but other aspects are not fully understood, including its driving mechanisms. We review the experimental evidence and theoretical modeling of cerebrospinal fluid flow, including the roles of advection and diffusion in transporting solutes. We discuss both local, detailed fluid-dynamic models of specific components of the system and global hydraulic models of the overall network of flow paths.
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              Comorbidity of diabetes mellitus in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic literature review

              Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a subtype of hydrocephalus that occurs more often in the elderly population. It is usually characterized by gait disturbance, dementia and urinary incontinence. Epidemiological studies indicate that 15.7–17.8% of iNPH patients present with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A review of the primary literature shows that these occurrence rates are higher than age- and cohort-matched non-iNPH controls. This suggests that this already vulnerable patient group has an increased risk for presenting with DM compared to their non-iNPH counterparts. Postoperative outcome when treating iNPH patients is inversely related to the number of patient comorbidities and a lower comorbidity status is correlated with better outcomes. This review highlights the need for further research into the relationship between iNPH and DM and speculates on a possible mechanism for an association between the development of ventriculomegaly and the development of DM and iNPH.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                PLoS Biol
                PLoS Biol
                plos
                PLOS Biology
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1544-9173
                1545-7885
                22 September 2023
                September 2023
                22 September 2023
                : 21
                : 9
                : e3002323
                Affiliations
                [001] Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8244-2624
                Article
                PBIOLOGY-D-23-02046
                10.1371/journal.pbio.3002323
                10516407
                37738230
                15525a9c-d0b7-4d0f-adca-aff24795cabf
                © 2023 Liu, Fame

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Pages: 4
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010319, Shurl and Kay Curci Foundation;
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the Shurl and Kay Curci Foundation (R.M.F). https://curcifoundation.org. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Primer
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Nervous System
                Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Nervous System
                Cerebrospinal Fluid
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Organic Compounds
                Carbohydrates
                Monosaccharides
                Glucose
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Organic Chemistry
                Organic Compounds
                Carbohydrates
                Monosaccharides
                Glucose
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Cilia
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Metabolic Disorders
                Hyperglycemia
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Perception
                Sensory Perception
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Perception
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Signal Transduction
                Cell Signaling
                Glucose Signaling
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Signal Transduction
                Cell Signaling
                Signaling Molecules
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Secretion

                Life sciences
                Life sciences

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