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      Indications of capsule endoscopy in Crohn's disease Translated title: Indicaciones de la cápsula endoscópica en la enfermedad de Crohn

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          Abstract

          Capsule endoscopy currently plays a relevant role for Crohn's disease. This manuscript will discuss the current indications and practical uses of capsule endoscopy in this disease. It is a non-invasive technique that represents a significant advance in the endoscopic diagnosis of small bowel conditions. These circumstances, together with its diagnostic yield and excellent tolerability, make it considerably acceptable by both patients and physicians. This paper discusses the current evidence on the specific circumstances where capsule endoscopy may be indicated for three specific scenarios: Suspected Crohn's disease, indeterminate colitis, and established Crohn's disease, where it plays an extensive role. Furthermore, the impact and implications of capsule endoscopy results for follow-up are reviewed. These recommendations must be interpreted and applied in the setting of the integral, individual management of these patients. Understanding its appropriate use in daily clinical practice and an analysis of results may define endoscopic scoring systems to assess activity and mucosal healing in this condition. The present role of capsule endoscopy for Crohn's disease is subject to ongoing review, and appropriate usage uncovers novel applications likely to result in relevant changes for the future management of these patients.

          Translated abstract

          Actualmente la cápsula endoscópica tiene un papel relevante en la enfermedad de Crohn. Este manuscrito pretende dar a conocer las indicaciones y aplicaciones prácticas actuales de la cápsula endoscópica en esta enfermedad. Se trata de una técnica no invasiva que ha supuesto un importante avance en el diagnóstico endoscópico de las enfermedades del intestino delgado. Estas circunstancias, junto a su rendimiento diagnóstico y su excelente tolerancia, le confieren una considerable aceptación por parte del paciente y del médico. Este artículo expone la evidencia actual acerca las circunstancias específicas en las que se puede establecer la indicación de la cápsula endoscópica en tres escenarios concretos: en la sospecha de la enfermedad de Crohn, en las colitis sin clasificar y su extenso papel en la enfermedad de Crohn ya establecida. Así mismo, se revisan el impacto y la implicación de los resultados de la cápsula endoscópica en el seguimiento de esta enfermedad. Estas recomendaciones deben ser interpretadas y aplicadas en el contexto de un manejo integral e individual de estos pacientes. El conocimiento de su correcto uso en la práctica clínica diaria y el análisis de sus resultados podrían dar lugar a la definición de sistemas de puntuación endoscópica que evalúen la actividad y curación mucosa de esta enfermedad. El papel actual de la cápsula endoscópica en la enfermedad de Crohn es objeto de continua revisión y su adecuado uso le dota de nuevas aplicaciones, que podrían en un futuro dar lugar a cambios relevantes en el manejo de estos pacientes.

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          Most cited references129

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          Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn's disease.

          Eighty-nine patients who had been treated by ileal resection for Crohn's disease between 1979 and 1984 were included in a prospective cohort follow up to study the natural course of early postoperative lesions. Recurrent lesions were observed endoscopically in the neoterminal ileum within 1 year of surgery in 73% of the patients, although only 20% of the patients had symptoms. Three years after surgery, the endoscopic recurrence rate had increased to 85% and symptomatic recurrence occurred in 34%. The ultimate course of the disease was best predicted by the severity of the early postoperative lesions, as observed at ileoscopy. Clinical parameters that influenced outcome were preoperative disease activity, the indication for surgery, and the number of surgical resections. When patients were stratified for preoperative disease activity, the severity of lesions found at endoscopy remained a strong predictive factor for symptomatic recurrence. In 22 other patients submitted to "curative" ileal resection and ileocolonic anastomosis, the segment to be used as neoterminal ileum was carefully examined during surgery, and two large biopsies were taken before making the anastomosis. An ileoscopy was performed 6 months after surgery. Although all patients had a macroscopically normal neoterminal ileum and 19 had entirely normal biopsies at the time of surgery, 21 patients were found at ileoscopy to have developed ileitis involving a 15-cm segment (range, 4-30 cm), and 20 had unequivocal microscopic lesions on biopsies. These studies suggest that early lesions in the neoterminal ileum after Crohn's resection do not originate from microscopic inflammation present in this bowel segment at the time of surgery. The early postoperative lesions in the neoterminal ileum seem to be a suitable model to study the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and also to evaluate new therapeutic modalities, either to prevent development of these early lesions or to treat progressive recurrence.
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            Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review.

            Recent studies have identified mucosal healing on endoscopy as a key prognostic parameter in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), thus highlighting the role of endoscopy for monitoring of disease activity in IBD. In fact, mucosal healing has emerged as a key treatment goal in IBD that predicts sustained clinical remission and resection-free survival of patients. The structural basis of mucosal healing is an intact barrier function of the gut epithelium that prevents translocation of commensal bacteria into the mucosa and submucosa with subsequent immune cell activation. Thus, mucosal healing should be considered as an initial event in the suppression of inflammation of deeper layers of the bowel wall, rather than as a sign of complete healing of gut inflammation. In this systematic review, the clinical studies on mucosal healing are summarised and the effects of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs such as 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, azathioprine, ciclosporin and anti-TNF antibodies (adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, infliximab) on mucosal healing are discussed. Finally, the implications of mucosal healing for subsequent clinical management in patients with IBD are highlighted.
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              Indications and detection, completion, and retention rates of small-bowel capsule endoscopy: a systematic review.

              Capsule endoscopy (CE) has been widely used in clinical practice. To provide systematically pooled results on the indications and detection, completion, and retention rates of small-bowel CE. A systematic review. We searched the PubMed database (2000-2008) for original articles relevant to small-bowel CE for the evaluation of patients with small-bowel signs and symptoms. Data on the total number of capsule procedures, the distribution of different indications for the procedures, the percentages of procedures with positive detection (detection rate), complete examination (completion rate), or capsule retention (retention rate) were extracted and/or calculated, respectively. In addition, the detection, completion, and retention rates were also extracted and/or calculated in relation to indications such as obscure GI bleeding (OGIB), definite or suspected Crohn's disease (CD), and neoplastic lesions. A total of 227 English-language original articles involving 22,840 procedures were included. OGIB was the most common indication (66.0%), followed by the indication of only clinical symptoms reported (10.6%), and definite or suspected CD (10.4%). The pooled detection rates were 59.4%; 60.5%, 55.3%, and 55.9%, respectively, for overall, OGIB, CD, and neoplastic lesions. Angiodysplasia was the most common reason (50.0%) for OGIB. The pooled completion rate was 83.5%, with the rates being 83.6%, 85.4%, and 84.2%, respectively, for the 3 indications. The pooled retention rates were 1.4%, 1.2%, 2.6%, and 2.1%, respectively, for overall and the 3 indications. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were loosely defined. The pooled detection, completion, and retention rates are acceptable for total procedures. OGIB is the most common indication for small-bowel CE, with a high detection rate and low retention rate. In addition, angiodysplasia is the most common finding in patients with OGIB. A relatively high retention rate is associated with definite or suspected CD and neoplasms.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                diges
                Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas
                Rev. esp. enferm. dig.
                Sociedad Española de Patología Digestiva (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-0108
                January 2014
                : 106
                : 1
                : 37-45
                Affiliations
                [01] Valencia orgnameConsorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia orgdiv1Department of Digestive Diseases Spain
                Article
                S1130-01082014000100006
                10.4321/S1130-01082014000100006
                15be9971-f1fd-473b-8304-00d7ba117e9c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 September 2013
                : 12 July 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 85, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Enfermedad de Crohn,Cápsula endoscópica,Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal,Crohn's disease,Capsule endoscopy,Inflammatory bowel disease

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