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      Research on antimicrobial residues activity in urine samples of hospitalized patients Translated title: Pesquisa da atividade de resíduos de antimicrobianos em amostras de urina de pacientes hospitalizados

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          Abstract

          Introduction:Urinary tract infection is quite frequent in a hospital environment, and the urine culture is the gold standard for diagnosis of this disease, because it allows bacterial identification and performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Culturenegative urine samples result of patients with strong suspicion of infection may occur due to the activity of antimicrobial residues, which can interfere with bacterial growth in vitro and produce false-negative results.Objective:Verify the occurrence of falsenegative urine cultures due to the presence of antimicrobial residues in samples of patients admitted to the Clinical Hospital of Paraná Federal University.Material and methods:A total of 188 urine samples from hospitalized patients were randomly selected, during the period from July to December 2012. All samples were evaluated on the result of the urine culture, bacteriuria, and research on residues of antimicrobial activity by manual and automated techniques.Results:44 (23.4%) presented positive urine culture, 121 (64.4%) negative urine culture, and 23 (12.2%) presented growth of many species. In 14 samples, negative urine cultures associated with the presence of bacteria and were positive for the research on antimicrobial residues activity (RARA), were observed.Conclusion:Automated technique showed better performance when compared to manual technique, with sensitivity of 92.8% and 71.4%, respectively. The presence of antimicrobial residues may affect the recovery of bacteria in the urine, producing a false-negative result.

          Translated abstract

          Introdução:A infecção do trato urinário é bastante frequente em ambiente hospitalar, e a cultura de urina é padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico dessa doença, pois permite a identificação bacteriana e a realização do teste de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Amostras de urina de pacientes com forte suspeita de infecção que resultam em cultura negativa podem ocorrer devido à atividade de resíduos de antimicrobianos, os quais podem interferir no crescimento bacteriano in vitro e gerar resultados falso negativos.Objetivo:Verificar a ocorrência de culturas de urina falso negativas devido à presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos em amostras de pacientes internados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná.Material e métodos:Um total de 188 amostras de urina de pacientes internados foi selecionado aleatoriamente, durante o período de julho a dezembro de 2012. Todas as amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao resultado da cultura de urina, da bacteriúria e da pesquisa da atividade de resíduos de antimicrobianos por meio das técnicas manual e automatizada.Resultados:Quarenta e quatro (23,4%) apresentaram cultura de urina positiva, 121 (64,4%), cultura negativa e 23 (12,2%), crescimento de várias espécies. Em 14 amostras foi observada cultura negativa associada à presença de bactérias e pesquisa da atividade de resíduos de antimicrobianos (PRA) positiva.Conclusão:A técnica automatizada apresentou melhor desempenho quando comparada com a técnica manual, apresentando sensibilidade de 92,8% e 71,4%, respectivamente. A presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos pode comprometer a recuperação de bactérias na urina, gerando resultado falso negativo.

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          Urologic diseases in America project: trends in resource use for urinary tract infections in women.

          Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common clinical diagnoses in women. In this study we examined epidemiological, economic and health care use trends for UTI in women in the United States. The analytical methods used to generate these results have been described previously. The lifetime risk for UTI in women is high (greater than 50%). Between 1988 and 1994 the overall lifetime prevalence of UTI was estimated to be 53,067/100,000 women. Prescribing patterns demonstrated an increase in the trend toward using fluoroquinolones as first line therapy for UTI, which was associated with increased costs. Composite data revealed that overall expenditures for the treatment of UTIs in women in the United States, excluding spending on outpatient prescriptions, were approximately 2.47 billion dollars in 2000. Diagnosis and treatment of UTI in women is performed in various clinical settings. Inpatient hospitalization for UTI care has generally decreased in younger women but increased in elderly women. There has been a sharp increase in emergency room use by younger women, which may reflect disparities in access to health insurance or primary care providers. Most outpatient care of women with UTIs is performed in physician offices. Analysis of health care use and economic data on UTIs in women revealed various interesting trends. These findings will help shape understanding of UTI treatment in relation to other urological disorders in women. The results raise various important future research questions.
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            Screening of urine samples by flow cytometry reduces the need for culture.

            Urine samples constitute a large proportion of samples tested in clinical microbiology laboratories. Culturing of the samples is fairly time- and labor-consuming, and most of the samples will yield no growth or insignificant growth. We analyzed the feasibility of the flow cytometry-based UF-500i instrument (Sysmex, Japan) to screen out urine samples with no growth or insignificant growth and reduce the number of samples to be cultured. A total of 1,094 urine specimens sent to our laboratory for culture during 4 months in the spring of 2009 in Lahti, Finland, were included in the study. After culture, all samples were analyzed with the Sysmex UF-500i for bacterial and leukocyte (white blood cell [WBC]) counts. Youden index and closest (0,1) methods were used to determine the cutoff values for bacterial and WBC counts in culture-positive and -negative groups. By flow cytometry, samples considered positive for UTI in culture had bacterial and WBC values that were significantly higher than those for samples considered negative. The flow cytometric screening worked best when both bacterial counts and WBC counts were used with age- and gender-specific cutoff values for all patient groups, excluding patients with urological disease or anomaly. By use of these cutoff values, 5/167 (3.0%) of culture-positive samples were missed by UF-500i and the percentage of samples that did not need to be cultured was 64.5%. Use of the UF-500i instrument is a reliable method for screening out a major part of the UTI-negative samples, significantly diminishing the amount of work required in the microbiology laboratory.
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              Screening for urinary tract infection with the Sysmex UF-1000i urine flow cytometer.

              The diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) by urine culture is time-consuming and can produce up to 60 to 80% negative results. Fast screening methods that can reduce the necessity for urine cultures will have a large impact on overall turnaround time and laboratory economics. We have evaluated the detection of bacteria and leukocytes by a new urine analyzer, the UF-1000i, to identify negative urine samples that can be excluded from urine culture. In total, 1,577 urine samples were analyzed and compared to urine culture. Urine culture showed growth of ≥10(3) CFU/ml in 939 samples (60%). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and ROC decision plots were been prepared at three different gold standard definitions of a negative urine culture: no growth, growth of bacteria at <10(4) CFU/ml, and growth of bacteria at <10(5) CFU/ml. Also, the reduction in urine cultures and the percentage of false negatives were calculated. At the most stringent gold standard definition of no growth, a chosen sensitivity of 95% resulted in a cutoff value of 26 bacteria/μl, a specificity of 43% and a reduction in urine cultures of only 20%, of which 14% were false negatives. However, at a gold standard definition of <10(5) CFU/ml and a sensitivity of 95%, the UF-1000i cutoff value was 230 bacteria/μl, the specificity was 80%, and the reduction in urine cultures was 52%, of which 0.3% were false negatives. The applicability of the UF-1000i to screen for negative urine samples strongly depends on population characteristics and the definition of a negative urine culture. In our setting, however, the low workload savings and the high percentage of false-negative results do not warrant the UF-1000i to be used as a screening analyzer.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbpml
                Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
                J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4774
                December 2014
                : 50
                : 6
                : 417-420
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Paraná Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Paraná Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal do Paraná Brazil
                Article
                S1676-24442014000600417
                10.5935/1676-2444.20140050
                167a786b-55c7-448d-808c-e0d24de440c4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1676-2444&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
                PATHOLOGY

                Pathology,Medicine,Clinical chemistry
                urine culture,cultura de urina,research on antimicrobial residues activity,urinary tract infection,pesquisa da atividade de resíduos de antimicrobianos,infecção do trato urinário

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