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      Psychological distress experienced by physicians and nurses at a tertiary care center in Lebanon during the COVID-19 outbreak

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          Abstract

          The COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant mental health toll on healthcare workers in Lebanon. We examined pandemic-related psychological distress among healthcare workers in a tertiary care medical center. One hundred and fifty participants completed an online questionnaire. About half showed a high risk of acute distress (58.7%) on the GHQ-28, while most (89.3%) scored low/moderate stress on the PSS-10. The IES-R revealed concern for post-traumatic stress in one-third of participants, significantly in nurses ( p = 0.008) and those living with vulnerable individuals ( p = 0.030). Mental health history did not increase the risk. Our findings highlight the need for early targeted interventions during the pandemic.

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          Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia

          Qun Li, Xuhua Guan, Peng Wu … (2020)
          Abstract Background The initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and January 2020. We analyzed data on the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of NCIP. Methods We collected information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of laboratory-confirmed cases of NCIP that had been reported by January 22, 2020. We described characteristics of the cases and estimated the key epidemiologic time-delay distributions. In the early period of exponential growth, we estimated the epidemic doubling time and the basic reproductive number. Results Among the first 425 patients with confirmed NCIP, the median age was 59 years and 56% were male. The majority of cases (55%) with onset before January 1, 2020, were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, as compared with 8.6% of the subsequent cases. The mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1 to 7.0), with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days. In its early stages, the epidemic doubled in size every 7.4 days. With a mean serial interval of 7.5 days (95% CI, 5.3 to 19), the basic reproductive number was estimated to be 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.9). Conclusions On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.)
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            The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

            Samantha K. Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E. Smith … (2022)
            Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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              Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

              Jianbo Lai, Simeng Ma, Ying Wang … (2020)
              Key Points Question What factors are associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers in China who are treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in multiple regions of China, a considerable proportion of health care workers reported experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers directly engaged in diagnosing, treating, or providing nursing care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that, among Chinese health care workers exposed to COVID-19, women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support or interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Health Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Health Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HPQ
                Journal ID (hwp): sphpq
                Title: Journal of Health Psychology
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Print): 1359-1053
                ISSN (Electronic): 1461-7277
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 February 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1359105321991630
                Affiliations
                [1 ]American University of Beirut, Lebanon
                [2 ]University of Florida, USA
                Author notes
                [*]Samer El Hayek, Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. Email: samer.elhayek@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7975-6104
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_1359105321991630
                DOI: 10.1177/1359105321991630
                PMC ID: 7879044
                PubMed ID: 33567926
                SO-VID: 168ee24d-cb68-4c17-9698-7a3a17e0111e
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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                Subject: Research Article
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: covid-19,healthcare workers,lebanon,mental health,psychological distress
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: covid-19, healthcare workers, lebanon, mental health, psychological distress

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