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      Impact of complementary feeding on obesity risk

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          Abstract

          Purpose of review

          To discuss recent evidence on the influence of complementary feeding (CF) timing, content and feeding methods on childhood obesity risk.

          Recent findings

          The evidence-base is limited by heterogeneity, risk of bias and the predominance of observational studies. The content of the diet and feeding practices are more influential than timing for obesity risk. There is limited evidence that CF introduction before 4 months may be associated with increased risk. Intake of animal protein, particularly dairy protein, may contribute to rapid weight gain; protein from infant/follow-on formula shows the most robust association with later obesity risk. Evidence linking sugar intake to obesity risk is limited, but intake should be as low as possible given there is no nutritional requirement. Responsive feeding (RF) practices may promote appropriate infant growth and reduce risk. The effect of baby-led weaning (BLW) is inconclusive.

          Summary

          Recent evidence supports current recommendations to avoid high protein intakes, especially from infant/follow-on formula, for infants in high income countries; and to promote RF practices for all infants. Studies in low- and middle-income countries are required to define optimal CF practices given increasing rates of child obesity alongside double-burden malnutrition.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
          Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
          1363-1950
          1473-6519
          January 25 2023
          Affiliations
          [1 ]Nutrition Research Group, Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
          [2 ]Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
          Article
          10.1097/MCO.0000000000000920
          36942917
          16f4a058-8bb9-4e2f-b4f4-ed7f0c2b4e00
          © 2023
          History

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