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      FOOD INTAKE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY Translated title: Ingestão alimentar, estado nutricional e sintomas gastrintestinais em crianças com paralisia cerebral

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy may be associated with comorbidities such as undernutrition, impaired growth and gastrointestinal symptoms. Children with cerebral palsy exhibit eating problems due to the effect on the anatomical and functional structures involved in the eating function resulting in malnutrition. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between food intake, nutritional status and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 40 children with cerebral palsy (35 with spastic tetraparetic form and 5 with non-spastic choreoathetoid form of cerebral palsy, all requiring wheelchairs or bedridden) aged from 4 to 10 years. The dietary assessment with the parents was performed using the usual household food intake inquiry. Anthropometric data were collected. Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with deglutition disorders, gastroesophageal reflux and chronic constipation were also recorded. RESULTS: The median of height-for-age Z-score (-4.05) was lower (P<0.05) than the median of weight-for-age (-3.29) and weight-for-height (-0.94). There was no statistical difference between weight-for-age and weight-for-height Z-scores. Three patients with cerebral palsy (7.5%) exhibited mild anemia, with normal ferritin levels in two. Symptoms of dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, and constipation were found in 82.5% (n=33), 40.0% (n=16), and 60.0% (n=24) of the sample, respectively. The patients with symptoms of dysphagia exhibited lower daily energy (1280.2±454.8 Kcal vs 1890.3±847.1 Kcal, P=0.009), carbohydrate (median: 170.9 g vs 234.5 g, P=0.023) and fluid intake (483.1±294.9 mL vs 992.9±292.2 mL, P=0.001). The patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal reflux exhibited greater daily fluid intake (720.0±362.9 mL) than the patients without symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (483.7±320.0 mL, P=0.042) and a greater height-for-age deficit (Z-score: -4.9±1.7 vs 3.7±1.5, P=0.033). The patients with symptoms of constipation exhibited lower daily dietary fiber (9.2±4.3 g vs 12.3±4.3 g, P=0.031) and fluid (456.5±283.1 mL vs 741.1±379.2 mL, P=0.013) intake. CONCLUSION: Children with cerebral palsy exhibited wide variability in food intake which may partially account for their severe impaired growth and malnutrition. Symptoms of dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, and constipation are associated with different food intake patterns. Therefore, nutritional intervention should be tailored considering the gastrointestinal symptoms and nutritional status.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO CONTEXTO: Paralisia cerebral pode estar associada com comorbidades como desnutrição, déficit de crescimento e sintomas gastrintestinais. Os problemas alimentares na paralisia cerebral podem ser secundários a anormalidades anatômicas e funcionais que interferem no processo de alimentação. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre ingestão alimentar, estado nutricional e sintomas gastrintestinais em crianças com paralisia cerebral. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que incluiu 40 crianças com paralisia cerebral (35 com tetraparesia espástica e 5 com coreoatetose não-espástica) com idade entre 4 e 10 anos. Todos os pacientes permaneciam exclusivamente na cama ou dependiam de cadeiras de rodas. Foi utilizado o inquérito dos alimentos consumidos habitualmente em casa que foi respondido pelos pais. Foram mensurados os dados antropométricos. Sintomas gastrintestinais associados com distúrbios da deglutição, refluxo gastroesofágico e constipação intestinal crônica foram obtidos. RESULTADOS: A mediana do escore Z da estatura para idade (-4,05) foi menor (P<0,05) do que a mediana de peso-idade (-3,29) e peso-estatura (-0,94). Não se observou diferença entre os escores Z de peso-idade e peso-estatura. Três pacientes com paralisia cerebral (7,5%) apresentavam anemia leve com valor normal de ferritina. Sintomas de disfagia, refluxo gastroesofágico e constipação intestinal ocorreram, respectivamente, em 82,5% (n=33), 40,0% (n=16) e 60,0% (n=24) dos pacientes estudados. Os pacientes com sintomas de disfagia apresentaram menor ingestão energética diária (1280,2±454,8 Kcal vs 1890,3±847,1 Kcal; P=0,009), de carboidratos (mediana: 170,9 g vs 234,5 g; P=0,023) e de líquidos (483,1±294.9 mL vs 992,9±292,2 mL; P=0,001). Os pacientes com sintomas de refluxo gastroesofágico apresentaram maior ingestão diária de líquidos (720,0±362,9 mL) em relação aos pacientes sem este tipo de manifestação clínica (483,7±320,0 mL; P=0.042) além de maior déficit de estatura-idade (escore Z: -4,9±1,7 vs 3,7±1,5; P=0,033). Os pacientes com sintomas de constipação intestinal apresentaram menor ingestão diária de fibra alimentar (9,2±4,3 g vs 12,3±4,3 g; P=0.031) e líquidos (456,5±283,1 mL vs 741,1± 379,2 mL; P=0,013). CONCLUSÃO: Crianças com paralisia cerebral apresentam uma grande variabilidade na ingestão alimentar que pode, pelo menos em parte, constituir um fator de agravo para o déficit de crescimento. Sintoma de disfagia, refluxo gastroesofágico e constipação intestinal associaram-se com diferentes padrões de ingestão alimentar. Portanto, a intervenção nutricional deve ser individualizada levando em consideração os sintomas gastrintestinais e o estado nutricional.

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          Most cited references24

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          Use of segmental measures to estimate stature in children with cerebral palsy.

          The assessment of stature in children with cerebral palsy is difficult. This study tested the clinical utility of the segmental measures of upper-arm length, tibial length, and knee height as proxies for stature in children with cerebral palsy. The study included 211 sets of measurements made in 172 children with cerebral palsy attending an outpatient clinic at a pediatric rehabilitation center during a 2-year period. Forty-three percent were female, 20% black, 31% diplegic or hemiplegic, and 52% nonambulatory. An observer measured weight, head circumference, recumbent length or standing height, upper-arm length, tibial length, knee height, midarm circumference, triceps skinfold, and subscapular skinfold. The correlation coefficients were as follows: upper-arm length and stature, .97 (95% confidence interval, .95 to .98) (R2 = .94); tibial length and stature, .97 (95% confidence interval, .96 to .98) (R2 = .94); and knee height and stature, .98 (95% confidence interval, .98 to .99) (R2 = .97). The linear regression equations were used to develop formulas for the estimation of stature from a segmental measure. Upper-arm length, tibial length, and knee height are all reliable and valid proxies for stature in children with cerebral palsy up to 12 years of age. We recommend that either knee height or tibial length be measured in the routine anthropometry of children with cerebral palsy who cannot be measured by standard techniques. Estimates of stature can then be calculated and plotted on standard growth charts.
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            Dysphagia in children with severe generalized cerebral palsy and intellectual disability.

            This study assessed the clinical indicators and severity of dysphagia in a representative sample of children with severe generalized cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. A total of 166 children (85 males, 81 females) with Gross Motor Function Classification System Level IV or V and IQ<55 were recruited from 54 daycare centres. Mean age was 9 years 4 months (range 2 y 1 mo-19 y 1 mo). Clinically apparent presence and severity of dysphagia were assessed with a standardized mealtime observation, the Dysphagia Disorders Survey (DDS), and a dysphagia severity scale. Additional measures were parental report on feeding problems and mealtime duration. Of all 166 participating children, 1% had no dysphagia, 8% mild dysphagia, 76% moderate to severe dysphagia, and 15% profound dysphagia (receiving nil by mouth), resulting in a prevalence of dysphagia of 99%. Dysphagia was positively related to severity of motor impairment, and, surprisingly, to a higher weight for height. Low frequency of parent-reported feeding problems indicated that actual severity of dysphagia tended to be underestimated by parents. Proactive identification of dysphagia is warranted in this population, and feasible using a structured mealtime observation. Children with problems in the pharyngeal and esophageal phases, apparent on the DDS, should be referred for appropriate clinical evaluation of swallowing function.
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              A new recommendation for dietary fiber in childhood.

              The consumption of dietary fiber in childhood is associated with important health benefits, especially with respect to promoting normal laxation. Dietary fiber also may help reduce the future risk of cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and adult-onset diabetes. At present, there are few specific guidelines for dietary fiber intake in childhood. Our goals were to review the benefits and risks of dietary fiber in childhood and to propose a safe and effective quantitative recommendation for the US pediatric population. Current intake of dietary fiber in childhood was reviewed, including data from the US Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption (1987-1988) and National Health and Nutrition Examination II (1976-1980) Survey. Current intake was compared with existing fiber recommendations, including the 0.5-g/kg guideline proposed by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Recommended fiber intake was reviewed with respect to levels required for specific health benefits, as well as levels that may result in adverse health effects. A new recommendation for dietary fiber intake was developed, based on the age of the child, health benefits, and safety concerns. We recommended that children older than 2 years of age consume a minimal amount of dietary fiber equivalent to age plus 5 g/d. A safe range of dietary fiber intake for children is suggested to be between age plus 5 and age plus 10 g/d. This range of dietary fiber intake is thought to be safe even if intake of some vitamins and minerals is marginal, should provide enough fiber for normal laxation, and may help prevent future chronic disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ag
                Arquivos de Gastroenterologia
                Arq. Gastroenterol.
                Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia e Outras Especialidades - IBEPEGE. (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-2803
                1678-4219
                December 2018
                : 55
                : 4
                : 352-357
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição Brazil
                [3] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Paulista de Medicina orgdiv2Disciplina de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica Brazil
                [2] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Departamento de Fonoaudiologia Brazil
                Article
                S0004-28032018002400352
                10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-78
                30785518
                17d0de16-f123-486e-8dea-67507cb22cce

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 June 2018
                : 07 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Article

                Paralisia cerebral,Gastroenteropatias,Estado nutricional,Transtornos de deglutição,Refluxo gastroesofágico,Constipação intestinal,Cerebral palsy,Gastrointestinal diseases,Nutritional status,Deglutition disorders,Gastroesophageal reflux,Constipation

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