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      Processos implícitos não-conscientes na tomada de decisão: a hipótese dos marcadores somáticos Translated title: Implicit non-conscious processes in decision-making: the somatic-marker hypothesis

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          Abstract

          Nesse artigo, pretendemos avaliar os fundamentos filosóficos e científicos da hipótese dos marcadores somáticos (HMS) quanto ao papel exercido por processos implícitos não-conscientes nas tomadas de decisão. Para tanto, analisaremos as relações entre nosso sistema neural reflexivo e nosso sistema neural impulsivo, destacando o papel da amígdala e do córtex pré-frontal ventromedial no desencadeamento de estados afetivos/emocionais que aumentam ou diminuem a velocidade e acurácia de processos decisórios. Essa discussão nos conduzirá à análise do modo como estados somáticos podem ser conduzidos por indutores primários e/ou secundários. Essa última análise propiciará um entendimento sobre como a emergência ou ausência da força de vontade depende da interação entre o sistema neural impulsivo, que desencadeia estados somáticos de indutores primários, e o sistema neural reflexivo, que desencadeia estados somáticos de indutores secundários. Concluímos que o conceito tradicional de autonomia precisa ser revisto, ainda que estejamos longe da possibilidade de fundamentar um novo. © Cien. Cogn. 2012; Vol. 17 (1): 105-119.

          Translated abstract

          In this paper, we assess the scientific and philosophical foundations of the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) on the role played by implicit non-conscious processes in decision-making. For this, we will analyze the relationship between our reflexive neural system and our impulsive neural system, emphasizing that the amygdale and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex play a key role in the triggering of affective/emotional states which increase or decrease the speed and accuracy of decision-making processes. This discussion will lead us to examine how somatic states can be driven by primary and/or secondary inducers. This analyze provides an understanding of how emergency or lack of willpower depends on the interaction between the impulsive neural system that triggers somatic states from primary inducers, and the reflective neural system that triggers somatic states from secondary inducers. We conclude that the traditional concept of autonomy needs to be revised even though we are far from being able to support a new concept.© Cien. Cogn. 2012; Vol. 17 (1): 105-119.

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          Most cited references44

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          Emotion circuits in the brain.

          The field of neuroscience has, after a long period of looking the other way, again embraced emotion as an important research area. Much of the progress has come from studies of fear, and especially fear conditioning. This work has pinpointed the amygdala as an important component of the system involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of fear memory and has elucidated in detail how stimuli enter, travel through, and exit the amygdala. Some progress has also been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie fear conditioning, and recent studies have also shown that the findings from experimental animals apply to the human brain. It is important to remember why this work on emotion succeeded where past efforts failed. It focused on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion, avoided vague and poorly defined concepts such as "affect," "hedonic tone," or "emotional feelings," and used a simple and straightforward experimental approach. With so much research being done in this area today, it is important that the mistakes of the past not be made again. It is also time to expand from this foundation into broader aspects of mind and behavior.
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            Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex.

            The somatic marker hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision making and the influence on it by emotion. The key idea of this hypothesis is that decision making is a process that is influenced by marker signals that arise in bioregulatory processes, including those that express themselves in emotions and feelings. This influence can occur at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur consciously and some of which occur non-consciously. Here we review studies that confirm various predictions from the hypothesis. The orbitofrontal cortex represents one critical structure in a neural system subserving decision making. Decision making is not mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex alone, but arises from large-scale systems that include other cortical and subcortical components. Such structures include the amygdala, the somatosensory/insular cortices and the peripheral nervous system. Here we focus only on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in decision making and emotional processing, and the relationship between emotion, decision making and other cognitive functions of the frontal lobe, namely working memory.
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              The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology.

              The human orbitofrontal cortex is an important brain region for the processing of rewards and punishments, which is a prerequisite for the complex and flexible emotional and social behaviour which contributes to the evolutionary success of humans. Yet much remains to be discovered about the functions of this key brain region, and new evidence from functional neuroimaging and clinical neuropsychology is affording new insights into the different functions of the human orbitofrontal cortex. We review the neuroanatomical and neuropsychological literature on the human orbitofrontal cortex, and propose two distinct trends of neural activity based on a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. One is a mediolateral distinction, whereby medial orbitofrontal cortex activity is related to monitoring the reward value of many different reinforcers, whereas lateral orbitofrontal cortex activity is related to the evaluation of punishers which may lead to a change in ongoing behaviour. The second is a posterior-anterior distinction with more complex or abstract reinforcers (such as monetary gain and loss) represented more anteriorly in the orbitofrontal cortex than simpler reinforcers such as taste or pain. Finally, we propose new neuroimaging methods for obtaining further evidence on the localisation of function in the human orbitofrontal cortex.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cc
                Ciências & Cognição
                Ciênc. cogn.
                Instituto de Ciências Cognitivas (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1806-5821
                April 2012
                : 17
                : 1
                : 105-119
                Affiliations
                [01] Uberlândia Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia orgdiv1Instituto de Filosofia & Programa de Pós-Graduação Brasil
                Article
                S1806-58212012000100009 S1806-5821(12)01700100009
                17db7fe4-bbb1-4c57-9e01-b2649ac379bb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 15
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                SciELO Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia

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                Artigo Científico

                sistemas neurais reflexivo e impulsivo,indutores primários e secundários,processos implícitos não-conscientes,willpower,primary and secondary inducers,reflexive and impulsive systems,implicit non-conscious processes,força de vontade

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