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      Una entidad polimorfa y multifactorial: depresión en pacientes que reciben diálisis Translated title: A Polymorfous and Multifactorial Entinty: Depression in Dialyzed Patients

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          Abstract

          Introducción: La prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal crónica se encuentra en aumento en todo el mundo. El adecuado abordaje de las patologías afectivas que la acompañan exige realizar un diagnóstico diferencial y tomar en cuenta las complejas interacciones psicosociales y biológicas que las originan. Método: Revisión de la literatura sobre trastornos afectivos en pacientes que reciben diálisis. Resultados: En esta población, los trastornos psiquiátricos más frecuentes son la ansiedad y la depresión, en sus distintas presentaciones. La evaluación de esta última se complica por su traslape sintomatológico con la insuficiencia renal crónica, clínicamente difícil de diferenciar. Por ello los distintos estudios muestran prevalencias muy diferentes, dependiendo de la escala utilizada, su modo de aplicación y enfoque diagnóstico. Conclusiones: El abordaje del paciente que recibe diálisis debe incluir equipos multidisciplinarios que empleen estrategias psicoterapéuticas y consideren elementos individuales, familiares y las interacciones desde el punto de vista sistémico, que se generan dentro de la unidad de diálisis. Además, se debe analizar el círculo vicioso entre depresión, ansiedad, deterioro cognitivo y enfermedad cerebro-vascular. Podría tratarse de una patología mucho más compleja de lo que inicialmente se consideró, que al tener elementos de lesión cerebral permanente en los pequeños vasos explican, al menos en parte, la pobre respuesta a los antidepresivos en estos pacientes.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Chronic renal failure prevalence is increasing worldwide. To correctly treat mood disorders in this population, it is imperative to make a correct differential diagnosis and to take into account all the complex interactions between psychosocial and biologic issues. Method: To review the literature concerning mood disorders in the dialyzed population. Results: The most prevalent psychiatric conditions found in this group are anxiety and depression. The clinical assessment of the former is complicated by its symptomatologic overlapping with cronic renal failure. This could explain why many studies show different prevalence rates, depending on the scale used, its way application and diagnostic approach. Conclusions: The management of patient in dialysis must include multidisciplinary teams whose psychotherapeutic strategies taking into account individual, family and the systemic interactions that are generated within the dialysis unit. Additionally, it is important to consider the vicious circle between depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular disease. The condition could be much more complex than initially thought, with permanent injury to small brain vessels that would explain, at least in part, the poor response to antidepressants in these patients.

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          Most cited references55

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          Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DMS-IV-TR)

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            Insomnia: prevalence, impact, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and evaluation.

            P. Becker (2006)
            When patients report problems sleeping, a psychiatrist must determine their significance based on frequency, duration, and daytime impairment. Because up to 50% of adults report sleep problems in any year, it is necessary to define when insomnia becomes long-standing, severe, and a complication to daytime function. Psychiatrists must determine if a sleep disturbance reduces mood, motor performance, or cognitive function. If insomnia syndrome is present, major depression, dysthymia, and anxiety disorders commonly are comorbid. To assist in evaluating insomnia, psychiatrists are urged to use the 6 Ps + M of insomnia model to conceptualize the characteristics of the insomnia and coordinate therapeutic intervention.
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              Sleep disorders and end-stage renal disease.

              To provide an update on the prevalence and clinical importance of sleep disorders in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and to highlight recent findings on their pathogenesis and treatment. Although poor sleep quality is common in patients with ESRD, it is underrecognized. In addition to causing impaired quality of life, poor sleep is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. There is evidence that sleep quality may be improved by cognitive-behavioral therapy that may help to reduce the frequent use of hypnotic medication. There are differences in the clinical presentation of sleep apnea in patients with ESRD compared with patients with normal renal function. The pathogenesis of sleep apnea in patients with ESRD appears to be related both to increased chemosensitivity, which destabilizes the control of breathing, and narrowing of the upper airway, which predisposes to closure of the airway during sleep. Although renal transplantation corrects periodic leg movements, it does not always correct sleep apnea. Sleep disorders are common in patients with ESRD. Although our understanding of their pathogenesis and clinical presentation has grown in recent years, further research is required to determine their impact on clinical outcomes in this patient population.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcp
                Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría
                rev.colomb.psiquiatr.
                Asociacion Colombiana de Psiquiatria. (Bogotá )
                0034-7450
                September 2009
                : 38
                : 3
                : 522-533
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                Article
                S0034-74502009000300010
                180e30ab-be49-4566-9d13-1d2ee1d68766

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7450&lng=en
                Categories
                PSYCHIATRY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Renal dialysis,depression,quality of life,diálisis renal,depresión,calidad de vida

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