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      Гонадотропинзависимое преждевременное половое развитие: молекулярно-генетические и клинические характеристики Translated title: Gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty: genetic and clinical characteristics

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          Abstract

          ОБОСНОВАНИЕ

          ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. В 90% случаев среди девочек и до 25–60% среди мальчиков генез гонадотропинзависимого преждевременного полового развития (ППР) остается неясным. Известно, что 25–27,5% случаев гонадотропинзависимого ППР являются моногенными вариантами и предполагают аутосомно-доминантный характер наследования с неполной пенетрантностью, зависящей от пола. В настоящее время патогенные варианты в генах KISS1, KISS1R, MKRN3, DLK1 ассоциированы с преждевременной активацией гипоталамо-гипофизарно-гонадной оси в детстве. Генетическая верификация диагноза у пациентов с наследственными формами ППР позволяет расширить наши представления о природе патологии и крайне необходима для проведения медико-генетического консультирования.

          ЦЕЛЬ

          ЦЕЛЬ. Изучение клинических особенностей и молекулярно-генетических характеристик пациентов с идиопатическим гонадотропинзависимым ППР.

          МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ

          МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Обследована группа пациентов с идиопатическим гонадотропинзависимым ППР, наследственный анамнез которых отягощен по раннему и/ или преждевременному половому созреванию. Всем пациентам проведено комплексное обследование, включая лабораторно-инструментальные методы диагностики и полноэкзомное секвенирование методом NGS (next-generation sequencing).

          РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

          РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. В исследование включены 30 пациентов (29 девочек, 1 мальчик) с идиопатическим гонадотропинзависимым ППР. Медиана возраста пациентов на момент обследования составила 7,2 года [6,5; 7,7]. Во всех случаях имел место отягощенный семейный анамнез: в 40% случаев — по отцовской линии, в 37% случаев — по материнской линии, в 23% случаев ППР диагностировано у сибсов. Полноэкзомное секвенирование проведено 21 пациенту: в 61,9% случаев (95% ДИ [40; 79]) идентифицированы изменения нуклеотидной последовательности в генах-кандидатах, ассоциированных с гонадотропинзависимым ППР. В подавляющем большинстве (у 77% пациентов) выявлялся дефект гена MKRN3 (95% ДИ [49; 92], что согласуется с зарубежными данными о его наибольшей распространенности в структуре моногенных форм ППР, в 23% случаев (95% ДИ [7; 50]) — в других генах-кандидатах, ассоциированных с нейроонтогенезом и нейроэндокринными механизмами регуляции гипоталамо-гипофизарной оси.

          ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

          ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Проведенное исследование демонстрирует важность детального сбора наследственного анамнеза у детей с ППР для определения показаний к проведению молекулярно-генетического анализа. Наличие данных о характере наследования и клинических проявлениях моногенных форм ППР позволит упростить диагностику наследственных форм заболевания, проводить медико-генетическое консультирование семей с последующим своевременным обследованием и назначением патогенетической терапии заболевшим.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND

          BACKGROUND: In 90% cases of girls and 25–60% cases of boys the cause of gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty (PP) is unclear. Up to 25–27.5% of gonadotropin-dependent PP cases are monogenic and suggest autosomal-dominant inheritance with incomplete sex-dependent penetrance. To date, mutations in genes KISS1, KISS1R, MKRN3, DLK1 have been described as causal variants leading to precocious hypothalamic-pituitary axis activation in childhood. Genetic testing in patients with hereditary forms of PP can expand our knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease and it  is also necessary for genetic counselling.

          AIM

          AIM: To study clinical features and genetic characteristics of patients with idiopathic gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty.

          MATERIALS AND METHODS

          MATERIALS AND METHODS: A group of patients with idiopathic gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty and positive family history (early or precocious puberty) was examined. Laboratory and instrumental diagnostic tests, full-exome sequencing (NGS, next-generation sequencing) were provided for all patients.

          RESULTS

          RESULTS: The study included 30 patients (29 girls, 1 boy) with idiopathic gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty. The median of patients age at the time of the examination was 7,2 years [6,5; 7,7]. Positive family history presented in all cases: in 40% of patients on father’s side, in 37% — on mother’s side, in 23% of patients PP was diagnosed in siblings. The fullexome sequencing was conducted to 21 patients: in 61,9% of cases (95% CI [40;79]) nucleotide variants were identified   in genes, associated with gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty. MKRN3 gene defect was detected in most cases (77% cases (95% CI [49; 92]), which consistent with international data on its highest prevalence in the monogenic forms of PP. In 23% of cases (95% CI [7; 50]) nucleotide variants were identified in other candidate genes associated with neuroontogenesis and neuroendocrine regulation mechanisms of hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

          CONCLUSION

          CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that detailed family history data in children with PP provides a rational approach to molecular-genetic testing. Data of inheritance pattern and clinical manifestations will simplify the diagnosis of hereditary forms of disease and enhance genetic counselling of families, followed by timely examination and administration of pathogenetic therapy.

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          Most cited references36

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          RFamide-related peptide-3, a mammalian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone ortholog, regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron firing in the mouse.

          The recent discovery that an RFamide termed gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone is likely to be a hypophysiotrophic gonadotropin release-inhibiting hormone in birds has generated interest into the role of LPXRFamide neuropeptides in the control of gonadotropin secretion in mammals. Recent immunocytochemical studies in birds and mammals have suggested that neurons expressing the mammalian LPXRFamides, RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) 1 and 3, may innervate and regulate GnRH neurons directly. We used cell-attached electrophysiology in adult male and female GnRH-green fluorescent protein-tagged neurons to examine whether RFRP-3 modulated the electrical excitability of GnRH neurons. RFRP-3 was found to exhibit rapid and repeatable inhibitory effects on the firing rate of 41% of GnRH neurons. A small population of GnRH neurons (12%) increased their firing rate in response to RFRP-3, and the remainder was unaffected. No difference was detected in the RFRP-3 responses of GnRH neurons from male, diestrous, or proestrus female mice. The suppressive effect of RFRP-3 was maintained when amino acid transmission was blocked, suggesting a possible direct effect of RFRP-3 upon GnRH neurons. To evaluate the effects of other RFamide neuropeptides on GnRH neurons, we tested the actions of prolactin-releasing peptide-20 and -31. Neither compounds altered the firing rate of GnRH neurons. These studies demonstrate that RFRP-3 has a likely direct suppressive action on the excitability of GnRH neurons, indicating a role for RFRPs in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in mammals through modulation of GnRH neuron activity.
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            Central precocious puberty caused by mutations in the imprinted gene MKRN3.

            The onset of puberty is first detected as an increase in pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in central precocious puberty. The timing of pubertal development is driven in part by genetic factors, but only a few, rare molecular defects associated with central precocious puberty have been identified. We performed whole-exome sequencing in 40 members of 15 families with central precocious puberty. Candidate variants were confirmed with Sanger sequencing. We also performed quantitative real-time polymerase-chain-reaction assays to determine levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the hypothalami of mice at different ages. We identified four novel heterozygous mutations in MKRN3, the gene encoding makorin RING-finger protein 3, in 5 of the 15 families; both sexes were affected. The mutations included three frameshift mutations, predicted to encode truncated proteins, and one missense mutation, predicted to disrupt protein function. MKRN3 is a paternally expressed, imprinted gene located in the Prader-Willi syndrome critical region (chromosome 15q11-q13). All affected persons inherited the mutations from their fathers, a finding that indicates perfect segregation with the mode of inheritance expected for an imprinted gene. Levels of Mkrn3 mRNA were high in the arcuate nucleus of prepubertal mice, decreased immediately before puberty, and remained low after puberty. Deficiency of MKRN3 causes central precocious puberty in humans. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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              Paternally Inherited DLK1 Deletion Associated With Familial Central Precocious Puberty.

              Central precocious puberty (CPP) results from premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Few genetic causes of CPP have been identified, with the most common being mutations in the paternally expressed imprinted gene MKRN3.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)
                Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)
                problendo
                Problems of Endocrinology
                Endocrinology Research Centre
                0375-9660
                2308-1430
                2023
                11 May 2023
                : 69
                : 2
                : 58-66
                Affiliations
                [-1]Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
                [-2]Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
                [-3]Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
                [-4]Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
                [-5]Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
                Article
                10.14341/probl13215
                10204783
                19a85929-0389-45db-803e-07ce4989bcdc
                Copyright © Endocrinology Research Centre, 2023

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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                гонадотропинзависимое преждевременное половое развитие,наследственные формы,mkrn3,молекулярногенетический анализ,семейный анамнез

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