Paternal Postpartum Bonding and Its Predictors in the Early Postpartum Period: Cross-Sectional
      Study in a Polish Cohort

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Abstract

Introduction: Parental postpartum bonding has been studied by many researchers focusing on maternal bonding. The objective of this study was to examine the psychological and socio-demographic predictors of paternal postpartum bonding in the early postpartum period.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 131 couples (fathers median age of 32.37 years, SD = 4.59; mothers median age of 30.23 years, SD = 3.90) of newborns from full-term pregnancies were recruited from November 2019 until March 2020. The primary outcome was paternal postpartum bonding as measured by the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Secondary outcomes included: maternal and paternal anxiety [with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Assessment]; maternal and paternal stress [with the Parental Stress Scale (PSS)]; maternal depressive symptoms [with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)]; and maternal and paternal socio-demographic variables as fathers’ presence at childbirth, education level, age, and parental experience.

Results: Paternal postpartum bonding was significantly correlated with paternal anxiety (moderate strength), maternal stress (strong correlation), and maternal postpartum bonding. No significant correlations between paternal postpartum bonding, maternal depression symptoms, and maternal anxiety were found. The mediating role of paternal stress in paternal postpartum bonding was proven. Paternal anxiety strengthens paternal stress ( b = 0.98). Further, a high level of paternal stress disrupts paternal postpartum bonding ( b = 0.41). Results of regression analyses have revelated that maternal infant bonding ( p < 0.01) and paternal stress ( p < 0.01) are the only predictors of parental postpartum bonding across all included variables. None of investigated socio-demographic variables were associated with paternal postpartum bonding.

Conclusion: Notwithstanding limitations, the current findings add to a growing body of literature on paternal postpartum bonding. The results have shown that paternal mental health is related to parental postpartum bonding directly after delivery.

Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04118751.

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Łucja Bieleninik: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/550407/overview

Karolina Lutkiewicz: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1238066/overview

Paweł Jurek: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/477251/overview

Mariola Bidzan: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/465523/overview

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.

Title: Frontiers in Psychology

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078

Publication date (Electronic): 09 April 2021

Publication date Collection: 2021

Volume: 12

Electronic Location Identifier: 628650

Affiliations

[1] ¹Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk, Poland

[2] ²GAMUT-The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre , Bergen, Norway

[3] ³Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk, Poland

Author notes

Edited by: Barbara Figueiredo, University of Minho, Portugal

Reviewed by: Alicja Kalus, Opole University, Poland; Hanna Przybyła-Basista, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Marta Kucharska-Hauk, University of Łódź, Poland

*Correspondence: Łucja Bieleninik, lucja.bieleninik@ 123456ug.edu.pl ; lubi@ 123456norceresearch.no

This article was submitted to Health Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628650

PMC ID: 8062924

PubMed ID: 33897536

SO-VID: 19c113a4-6c17-4237-ae6e-449459810bb5

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 12 November 2020

Date accepted : 15 March 2021

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 78, Pages: 11, Words: 8989

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Most cited references 76

A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.

Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

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