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      Test para la detección temprana de las dificultades en el aprendizaje de la lectura y escritura Translated title: Test for the early detection of learning difficulties in reading and writing

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          Abstract

          Introducción: el diagnóstico de la dislexia se suele producir varios años después de que se inicie el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura. Para entonces muchos niños disléxicos ya saben lo que es el fracaso escolar y la pérdida de autoestima. Con un diagnóstico temprano se pueden evitar muchos de esos problemas. Además los programas de intervención son mucho más eficaces cuanto más tempranamente se apliquen. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue elaborar una prueba de diagnóstico precoz de la dislexia, basada en los déficits de procesamiento fonológico que presentan estos niños, aplicable a los cuatro años de edad, antes de que se enfrenten a la lectura. Material y métodos: la prueba consta de seis subtareas con cinco ítems cada una que se puede pasar entre seis y diez minutos. Las seis subtareas evalúan los principales componentes del procesamiento fonológico: discriminación de fonemas, segmentación de sílabas, identificación de fonemas, repetición de pseudopalabras, memoria verbal a corto plazo y fluidez verbal. Resultados: los datos obtenidos de una muestra de 298 niños de cuatro años muestran una buena fiabilidad y una alta validez de constructo de la prueba. Se proporcionan valores normativos en percentiles y puntos de corte por debajo de los cuales se consideran niños de riesgo de sufrir una dislexia. Conclusiones: la aplicación de esta sencilla prueba en las consultas pediátricas y en las clases de Educación infantil a los niños de cuatro años de edad permitirá detectar aquellos con riesgo de sufrir dislexia para poder intervenir lo más tempranamente posible, antes de se enfrenten al aprendizaje de la lector-escritura.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: the diagnosis of dyslexia usually occurs several years after the literacy learning begins. By then, many dyslexic children have faced academic failure and loss of self-esteem. An early diagnosis could avoid many of these problems. Furthermore, intervention programs are more effective when applied early. Objectives: the aim of this study was to develop a test for the early diagnosis of dyslexia, based on phonological processing deficits presented by these children, and applicable to four years old children, before they face reading. Material and methods: the test consists of six subtasks with five items each, which can be passed between six and ten minutes. The six subtasks evaluate the main components of phonological processing: discrimination of phonemes, syllable segmentation, phoneme identification, repetition of pseudowords, verbal short-term memory and verbal fluency. Results: the data, obtained from a sample of 298 four years old children, show a good reliability and high construct validity of the test. Normative values are given in percentiles and cutoffs, below of which children are considered at risk of suffering dyslexia. Conclusions: the application of this simple test to children in pediatric clinics and early childhood education schools, will allow the detection of children at risk for dyslexia, in order to intervene as early as possible, before they face the literacy learning.

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          Most cited references53

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          Changing relations between phonological processing abilities and word-level reading as children develop from beginning to skilled readers: a 5-year longitudinal study.

          Relations between phonological processing abilities and word-level reading skills were examined in a longitudinal correlational study of 216 children. Phonological processing abilities, word-level reading skills, and vocabulary were assessed annually from kindergarten through 4th grade, as the children developed from beginning to skilled readers. Individual differences in phonological awareness were related to subsequent individual differences in word-level reading for every time period examined. Individual differences in serial naming and vocabulary were related to subsequent individual differences in word-level reading initially, but these relations faded with development. Individual differences in letter-name knowledge were related to subsequent individual differences in phonological awareness and serial naming, but there were no relations between individual differences in word-level reading and any subsequent phonological processing ability.
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            Development of neural mechanisms for reading.

            The complexities of pediatric brain imaging have precluded studies that trace the neural development of cognitive skills acquired during childhood. Using a task that isolates reading-related brain activity and minimizes confounding performance effects, we carried out a cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study using subjects whose ages ranged from 6 to 22 years. We found that learning to read is associated with two patterns of change in brain activity: increased activity in left-hemisphere middle temporal and inferior frontal gyri and decreased activity in right inferotemporal cortical areas. Activity in the left-posterior superior temporal sulcus of the youngest readers was associated with the maturation of their phonological processing abilities. These findings inform current reading models and provide strong support for Orton's 1925 theory of reading development.
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              Persistence of dyslexics' phonological awareness deficits.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid )
                1139-7632
                June 2015
                : 17
                : 66
                : e99-e107
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Oviedo España
                [2 ] Centro de Salud de Durango España
                Article
                S1139-76322015000300002
                10.4321/S1139-76322015000300002
                1a103fc4-4966-4354-9943-66aead9096aa

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                Dyslexia,Phonological processing,Prevention test,Dislexia,Procesamiento Fonológico,Test de prevención

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