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      Slowing progress: the US Global Gag Rule undermines access to contraception in Madagascar

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          Abstract

          Madagascar’s health system is highly dependent on donor funding, especially from the United States (US), and relies on a few nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) to provide contraceptive services in remote areas of the country. The Trump administration reinstated and expanded the Global Gag Rule (GGR) in 2017; this policy requires non-US NGOs receiving US global health funding to certify that neither they nor their sub-grantees will provide, counsel or refer for abortion as a method of family planning. Evidence of the impact of the GGR in a country with restrictive abortion laws, like Madagascar – which has no explicit exception to save the woman’s life – is limited. Researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with 259 representatives of the Ministry of Health and NGOs, public and private health providers, community health workers and contraceptive clients in Antananarivo and eight districts between May 2019 and March 2020. Interviews highlighted the impact of the GGR on NGOs that did not certify the policy and lost their US funding. This reduction in funding led to fewer contraceptive service delivery points, including mobile outreach services, a critical component of care in rural areas. Public and private health providers reported increased contraceptive stockouts and fees charged to clients. Although the GGR is ostensibly about abortion, it has reduced access to contraception for the Malagasy population. This is one of few studies to directly document the impact on women who themselves described their increased difficulties obtaining contraception ultimately resulting in discontinuation of contraceptive use, unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions.

          Résumé

          Le système de santé malgache est extrêmement dépendant du financement des donateurs, en particulier des États-Unis d’Amérique, et compte sur quelques organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) pour assurer des services de contraception dans les zones écartées du pays. L’administration Trump a rétabli et élargi la « Global Gag Rule » (ou règle du bâillon mondial) en 2017 ; cette règle oblige les ONG non américaines recevant des fonds internationaux pour la santé de la part des États-Unis à certifier que ni elles-mêmes ni leurs bénéficiaires ne pratiqueront l’avortement, ne donneront de conseils en matière d’avortement ni ne feront la promotion de l’avortement comme méthode de planification familiale. Les données sur les répercussions de la règle dans un pays avec des lois restrictives sur l’avortement, comme Madagascar qui n’a pas d’exception explicite pour sauver la vie de la femme, sont limitées. De mai 2019 à mars 2020, les chercheurs ont réalisé des entretiens semi-structurés avec 259 représentants du Ministère de la santé et d’ONG, des prestataires publics et privés de services de santé, des agents de santé communautaires et des clients de services de contraception à Antananarivo et dans huit districts. Les entretiens ont mis en lumière les conséquences de la règle du bâillon mondial sur les ONG qui n’avaient pas présenté de certificat et avaient perdu leur financement américain. Cette réduction des fonds a abouti à une diminution des points de prestation de services contraceptifs, notamment les services mobiles avancés, un volet essentiel des soins dans les zones rurales. Les prestataires publics et privés ont signalé une multiplication des ruptures de stock de contraceptifs et une hausse des frais facturés aux clients. Même si la règle du bâillon mondial concerne ostensiblement l’avortement, elle a aussi réduit l’accès de la population malgache à la contraception. C’est l’une des rares études à documenter directement l’impact sur les femmes qui ont-elles-mêmes décrit leurs difficultés grandissantes pour obtenir une contraception, ce qui aboutit en fin de compte à l’interruption de l’emploi de contraceptifs, des grossesses non désirées et des avortements à risque.

          Resumen

          El sistema de salud de Madagascar depende mucho del financiamiento de donantes, especialmente de Estados Unidos (EE. UU.) y depende de unas pocas organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) para proporcionar servicios de anticoncepción en regiones remotas del país. El gobierno de Trump restableció y amplió la Ley Mordaza en 2017; esta política exige que las ONG con sede fuera de EE. UU. que reciben financiamiento de EE. UU. para la salud mundial certifiquen que ni ellas ni sus sub-beneficiarios proporcionarán servicios de aborto ni brindarán consejería ni referencias relacionadas con el aborto como método de planificación familiar. Existe limitada evidencia del impacto de la Ley Mordaza en un país con leyes restrictivas relativas al aborto, como Madagascar, que no tiene ninguna excepción explícita para salvar la vida de la mujer. Entre mayo de 2019 y marzo de 2020, los investigadores realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 259 representantes del Ministerio de Salud y ONG, prestadores de servicios de salud de los sectores público y privado, agentes de salud comunitaria y usuarias de anticonceptivos en Antananarivo y en ocho distritos. Las entrevistas destacaron el impacto de la Ley Mordaza en las ONG que no certificaron la política y perdieron su financiamiento de Estados Unidos. Debido a esta reducción de fondos, disminuyeron los puntos de entrega de servicios anticonceptivos, entre ellos los servicios de extensión móvil, un componente esencial de los servicios en las zonas rurales. Los prestadores de servicios de salud, tanto públicos como privados, informaron un aumento en los desabastecimientos de anticonceptivos y en las tarifas cobradas a las usuarias. Aunque la Ley Mordaza aparentemente está relacionada con el aborto, ha reducido el acceso de la población malgache a la anticoncepción. Este estudio es uno de los pocos que documentan directamente el impacto en las mujeres, quienes describieron mayores dificultades para obtener anticoncepción, lo cual causó el abandono del uso de anticonceptivos, embarazos no deseados y abortos inseguros.

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          Most cited references39

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          Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990–2019

          Unintended pregnancy and abortion estimates document trends in sexual and reproductive health and autonomy. These estimates inform and motivate investment in global health programmes and policies. Variability in the availability and reliability of data poses challenges for measuring and monitoring trends in unintended pregnancy and abortion. We developed a new statistical model that jointly estimated unintended pregnancy and abortion that aimed to better inform efforts towards global equity in sexual and reproductive health and rights.
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            Impact of user fees on maternal health service utilization and related health outcomes: a systematic review.

            To assess the evidence of the impact of user fees on maternal health service utilization and related health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries, as well as their impact on inequalities in these outcomes. Studies were identified by modifying a search strategy from a related systematic review. Primary studies of any design were included if they reported the effect of fee changes on maternal health service utilization, related health outcomes and inequalities in these outcomes. For each study, data were systematically extracted and a quality assessment conducted. Due to the heterogeneity of study methods, results were examined narratively. Twenty studies were included. Designs and analytic approaches comprised: two interrupted time series, eight repeated cross-sectional, nine before-and-after without comparison groups and one before-and-after in three groups. Overall, the quality of studies was poor. Few studies addressed potential sources of bias, such as secular trends over time, and even basic tests of statistical significance were often not reported. Consistency in the direction of effects provided some evidence of an increase in facility delivery in particular after fees were removed, as well as possible increases in the number of managed delivery complications. There was little evidence of the effect on health outcomes or inequality in accessing care and, where available, the direction of effect varied. Despite the global momentum to abolish user fees for maternal and child health services, robust evidence quantifying impact remains scant. Improved methods for evaluating and reporting on these interventions are recommended, including better descriptions of the interventions and context, looking at a range of outcome measures, and adopting robust analytical methods that allow for adjustment of underlying and seasonal trends, reporting immediate as well as longer-term (e.g. at 6 months and 1 year) effects and using comparison groups where possible.
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              Adolescents' views of and preferences for sexual and reproductive health services in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi and Uganda.

              Adolescents' views of and preferences for sexual and reproductive health services highlight promising directions and persistent challenges in preventing pregnancy and HIV and treating sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) in this population. Results from nationally-representative surveys of 12-19 year-olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi and Uganda in 2004 show that contraceptive and STI services and HIV testing are still under-utilized. A substantial proportion of sexually-active adolescents do not know of any source to obtain contraception or get STI treatment, and social-psychological reasons (e.g., embarrassment or fear) and financial cost remain common barriers to getting services. Adolescents' preferences are overwhelmingly for public clinics, with strongly positive perceptions of confidentiality, accessibility and cost. Some gender and country differences exist, yet overall females and males' views are similar. Results highlight the need to inform youth about sources, increase availability of government health facilities and improve youth's access to them, especially by reducing social barriers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
                Taylor & Francis
                2641-0397
                13 November 2020
                2020
                : 28
                : 3 , Exporting harm: impact of the expanded Global Gag Rule on sexual and reproductive health and rights
                : 39-53
                Affiliations
                [a ]Researcher-Teacher, Institut National de Santé Publique et Communautaire (INSPC) , Antananarivo, Madagascar
                [b ]Research Assistant, Institut National de Santé Publique et Communautaire (INSPC) , Antananarivo, Madagascar
                [c ]Research Assistant, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA
                [d ]Director of Training and Research, Institut National de Santé Publique et Communautaire (INSPC) , Antananarivo, Madagascar
                [e ]Independent Consultant, New York, NY, USA
                [f ]Assistant Professor, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA.
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-5966
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8476-0327
                Article
                1838053
                10.1080/26410397.2020.1838053
                7887949
                33054631
                1afee83b-0d86-4e49-a22f-699599ccdcf0
                © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 51, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Articles

                sexual and reproductive health,contraception,global gag rule,madagascar,abortion

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