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      Aspectos da leptina na anorexia nervosa: possíveis efeitos benéficos no tratamento da hiperatividade Translated title: Aspects of leptin in anorexia nervosa: possible beneficial effects on the treatment of hyperactivity

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          Abstract

          Pesquisas recentes demonstram a relação direta da leptina na regulação do balanço energético e como um dos fatores envolvidos em transtornos alimentares. Com ação no sistema nervoso central, a leptina interfere na ingestão alimentar, no metabolismo da glicose, no peso corporal, na produção de hormônios sexuais e na atividade física. As pesquisas realizadas tanto em seres humanos como em animais demonstram que a queda nos níveis de leptina está relacionada aos sintomas apresentados na anorexia nervosa: a baixa ingestão alimentar, a perda excessiva de peso corporal, a amenorréia e a hiperatividade. Assim, o grau de hipoleptinemia não é apenas uma forte indicação de baixa reserva de tecido adiposo, mas também de severa desordem, sendo que os níveis de leptina podem ser utilizados para avaliar melhor a gravidade da doença. Pesquisas estão sendo realizadas com o objetivo de discutir a possibilidade de utilização da leptina como coadjuvante no tratamento de pacientes com anorexia nervosa para a diminuição da hiperatividade. Acredita-se que o tratamento com leptina associado à medicação e à psicoterapia, poderia ser benéfico em pacientes anoréxicas extremamente ativas, deixando-as mais suscetíveis ao tratamento adicional. Uma realimentação suficiente, a medicação, a psicoterapia e um ambiente acolhedor durante o tratamento com leptina devem ser assegurados. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo discorrer sobre a leptina e aspectos relacionados à anorexia, e discutir como esta informação pode ser importante na avaliação clínica de pacientes com este transtorno alimentar.

          Translated abstract

          Recent studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between leptin and the regulation of energy balance, and as a factor involved in eating disorders. Acting on the central nervous system, leptin affects food intake, glucose metabolism, body weight, the production of sexual hormones, and physical activity. Studies with humans and animals indicate that low leptin levels are related to symptoms of anorexia nervosa: low food intake, excessive loss of body weight, amenorrhea and hyperactivity. Thus, the degree of hypoleptinemia is not only a strong indication of low reserves of adipose tissue, but also of a severe disorder, and leptin levels can be used to better evaluate the seriousness of the disease. Research has aimed to study the use of leptin in the treatment of patients with AN, and positive results have been obtained in the reduction of hyperactivity. It is possible that leptin treatment associated with medication and psychotherapy can be beneficial for extremely active anorexia nervosa patients, making them more susceptible to further treatment. Adequate food intake, medication, psychotherapy, and a comfortable environment during leptin treatment should be ensured. Thus, this article aims to describe leptin and aspects related to anorexia, and discuss how this information can be important in the clinical evaluation of patients with this eating disorder.

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          Most cited references79

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          Classificação de transtornos mentais e de comportamento da CID-10: Descrições clínicas e diretrizes diagnósticas

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            Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis.

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            Numerous peripheral signals contribute to the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Mechano- and chemoreceptors signaling the presence and energy density of food in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contribute to satiety in the immediate postprandial period. Changes in circulating glucose concentrations appear to elicit meal initiation and termination by regulating activity of specific hypothalamic neurons that respond to glucose. Other nutrients (e.g., amino acids and fatty acids) and GI peptide hormones, most notably cholecystokinin, are also involved in short-term regulation of food intake. However, the energy density of food and short-term hormonal signals by themselves are insufficient to produce sustained changes in energy balance and body adiposity. Rather, these signals interact with long-term regulators (i.e., insulin, leptin, and possibly the orexigenic gastric peptide, ghrelin) to maintain energy homeostasis. Insulin and leptin are transported into the brain where they modulate expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides known to regulate feeding behavior and body weight. Circulating insulin and leptin concentrations are proportional to body fat content; however, their secretion and circulating levels are also influenced by recent energy intake and dietary macronutrient content. Insulin and leptin concentrations decrease during fasting and energy-restricted diets, independent of body fat changes, ensuring that feeding is triggered before body energy stores become depleted. Dietary fat and fructose do not stimulate insulin secretion and leptin production. Therefore, attenuated production of insulin and leptin could lead to increased energy intake and contribute to weight gain and obesity during long-term consumption of diets high in fat and/or fructose. Transcription of the leptin gene and leptin secretion are regulated by insulin-mediated increases of glucose utilization and appear to require aerobic metabolism of glucose beyond pyruvate. Other adipocyte-derived hormones and proteins that regulate adipocyte metabolism, including acylation stimulating protein, adiponectin, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and perilipin, are likely to have significant roles in energy homeostasis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rn
                Revista de Nutrição
                Rev. Nutr.
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (Campinas )
                1678-9865
                October 2009
                : 22
                : 5
                : 739-745
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Luterana do Brasil Brazil
                Article
                S1415-52732009000500014
                10.1590/S1415-52732009000500014
                1b22dd9b-f2da-483d-876d-3c416ba4d199

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1415-5273&lng=en
                Categories
                NUTRITION & DIETETICS

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                Anorexia nervosa,Hyperkinesis,Hormones,Leptin,Adipose tissue,Hipercinese,Hormônios,Leptina,Tecido adiposo

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