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      Atovaquone, chloroquine, primaquine, quinine and tetracycline: antiproliferative effects of relevant antimalarials on Neospora caninum Translated title: Atovaquona, cloroquina, primaquina, quinino e tetraciclina: efeitos antiproliferativos de antimaláricos relevantes em Neospora caninum

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          Abstract

          Abstract Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes abortion in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses. There is no commercial treatment for neosporosis, and drug repositioning is a fast strategy to test possible candidates against N. caninum. In this article, we describe the effects of atovaquone, chloroquine, quinine, primaquine and tetracycline on N. caninum proliferation. The IC50 concentrations in N. caninum were compared to the current information based on previous studies for Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii, correlating to the described mechanisms of action of each tested drug. The inhibitory patterns indicate similarities and differences among N. caninum, Plasmodium and T. gondii. For example, atovaquone demonstrates high antiparasitic activity in all the analyzed models, while chloroquine does not inhibit N. caninum. On the other hand, tetracycline is effective against Plasmodium and N. caninum, despite its low activity in T. gondii models. The repurposing of antimalarial drugs in N. caninum is a fast and inexpensive way to develop novel formulations using well-established compounds.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Neospora caninum é um parasita Apicomplexa relacionado a abortos no gado bovino, que resultam em impactos econômicos. Não há tratamento comercial para neosporosis e o reposicionamento de drogas indica uma estratégia rápida para testar candidatos anti-N. caninum. Neste artigo, são descritos os efeitos da atovaquona, cloroquina, quinino, primaquine e tetraciclina na proliferação de N. caninum. As concentrações IC50 em N. caninum foram comparadas com a informação disponível, baseada em estudos publicados previamente para Plasmodium e Toxoplasma gondii, incluindo a correlação com os mecanismos de ação descritos para cada droga testada. Os padrões de inibição indicam pontos de similaridades e diferenças entre N. caninum, Plasmodium e T. gondii. Por exemplo, a atovaquona demonstra uma alta atividade antiparasitária em todos os modelos testados, enquanto a cloroquina não inibe N. caninum. Por outro lado, a tetraciclina é efetiva contra Plasmodium e N. caninum, em contraste com a baixa atividade em modelos de T. gondii. O reposicionamento de drogas antimaláricas em N. caninum é uma forma rápida e de baixo custo para o desenvolvimento de novas formulações que usam compostos bem estabelecidos.

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          Most cited references82

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          Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays

          A tetrazolium salt has been used to develop a quantitative colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and proliferation. The assay detects living, but not dead cells and the signal generated is dependent on the degree of activation of the cells. This method can therefore be used to measure cytotoxicity, proliferation or activation. The results can be read on a multiwell scanning spectrophotometer (ELISA reader) and show a high degree of precision. No washing steps are used in the assay. The main advantages of the colorimetric assay are its rapidity and precision, and the lack of any radioisotope. We have used the assay to measure proliferative lymphokines, mitogen stimulations and complement-mediated lysis.
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            Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the Chou-Talalay method.

            This brief perspective article focuses on the most common errors and pitfalls, as well as the do's and don'ts in drug combination studies, in terms of experimental design, data acquisition, data interpretation, and computerized simulation. The Chou-Talalay method for drug combination is based on the median-effect equation, derived from the mass-action law principle, which is the unified theory that provides the common link between single entity and multiple entities, and first order and higher order dynamics. This general equation encompasses the Michaelis-Menten, Hill, Henderson-Hasselbalch, and Scatchard equations in biochemistry and biophysics. The resulting combination index (CI) theorem of Chou-Talalay offers quantitative definition for additive effect (CI = 1), synergism (CI 1) in drug combinations. This theory also provides algorithms for automated computer simulation for synergism and/or antagonism at any effect and dose level, as shown in the CI plot and isobologram, respectively.
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              Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance.

              Tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and protozoan parasites. They are inexpensive antibiotics, which have been used extensively in the prophlylaxis and therapy of human and animal infections and also at subtherapeutic levels in animal feed as growth promoters. The first tetracycline-resistant bacterium, Shigella dysenteriae, was isolated in 1953. Tetracycline resistance now occurs in an increasing number of pathogenic, opportunistic, and commensal bacteria. The presence of tetracycline-resistant pathogens limits the use of these agents in treatment of disease. Tetracycline resistance is often due to the acquisition of new genes, which code for energy-dependent efflux of tetracyclines or for a protein that protects bacterial ribosomes from the action of tetracyclines. Many of these genes are associated with mobile plasmids or transposons and can be distinguished from each other using molecular methods including DNA-DNA hybridization with oligonucleotide probes and DNA sequencing. A limited number of bacteria acquire resistance by mutations, which alter the permeability of the outer membrane porins and/or lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane, change the regulation of innate efflux systems, or alter the 16S rRNA. New tetracycline derivatives are being examined, although their role in treatment is not clear. Changing the use of tetracyclines in human and animal health as well as in food production is needed if we are to continue to use this class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials through the present century.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbpv
                Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária
                Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.
                Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária (Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil )
                0103-846X
                1984-2961
                2021
                : 30
                : 1
                : e022120
                Affiliations
                [01] Ribeirão Preto orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto orgdiv2Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Brazil
                Article
                S1984-29612021000100312 S1984-2961(21)03000100312
                10.1590/s1984-29612021006
                33787719
                1b2fbdc8-9ea2-4b72-b9ec-5c3360591866

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 January 2021
                : 09 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 82, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Original Article

                tetraciclina,primaquine,quinino,cloroquina,atovaquona,Neospora caninum,tetracycline,quinine,chloroquine,atovaquone

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