Introduction
Quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) store vitamin A as lipid droplets in the cytoplasm.
The activated HSCs by several stimuli have functions similar to that of myofibroblasts
and play key roles in hepatic fibrosis [1-3]. However, precise timing between activation
of the HSC and induction of hepatic fibrosis is still unknown. Choline-deficient (CD)
diet induces fatty liver and subsequently hepatic fibrosis in rats. We investigated
the changes of HSCs in the progress of hepatic fibrosis induced by CD diet in rats,
and analyzed the time course from the activation of the HSCs to the induction of hepatic
fibrosis.
Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Japan Inc.) were divided into two groups fed
CD diet (DYET#118753; Dyets Inc.) for 8 weeks or standard laboratory diet (CE-2; CLEA
Japan Inc.) as control. Food and water were available ad libitum throughout the study
period. The rats were 6 weeks of age and weighing 150 to 170 g at start of CD diet
administration. Four rats of each group were sacrificed under anesthesia at 2, 4,
6 and 8 weeks, respectively, after the beginning of CD diet administration. In addition,
4 rats as pretreatment-animal were sacrificed before CD diet administration.
Liver tissues, obtained from sacrificed rats, were fixed 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1%
osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin for electron microscopy. We counted microscopically
the number of HSCs containing vitamin A lipid droplets in methylene blue-stained thick
sections from epoxy-embedded tissue blocks. HSCs containing more than 10 vitamin A
lipid droplets were defined as vitamin A-rich HSCs. Tissues for light microscopy were
fixed in buffered 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin, and sections were stained
with hematoxylin-eosin or silver impregnation. We observed development of fibrosis
using these specimens. For detection of activated HSCs, sections for light microscopy
were immunohisto-chemically stained with anti alpha-smooth muscle actin antibody (alpha-SMA
monoclonal antibody, Dako Japan, Inc.). We counted microscopically the number of alpha-SMA
positive HSCs.
The number of HSCs (/mm2) were shown as the mean – standard deviation. The data in
CD diet group were compared with that in control group by t-test.
Results
The number of HSCs (/mm2) containing vitamin A lipid droplets are shown in figure
1. The number of HSCs containing vitamin A lipid droplets in CD diet group after 2
weeks-feeding was fewer than that in control group, however, there was no statistically
significant difference between two groups. Thereafter, the number of HSCs in CD diet
decreased further, and were fewer with significant difference (p < 0.01 or 0.05)
at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the beginning of CD diet administration. The number of vitamin
A-rich HSCs, containing more than 10 vitamin A lipid droplets, in CD diet were fewer
with significant difference (p < 0.01 or 0.05) after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks-feeding.
Figure 1
Number of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) containing vitamin A lipid droplets in male
rats fed choline-deficient (CD) diet for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Significant difference
from control group (fed standard laboratory diet): *) p < 0.05, **) p < 0.01
The number of alpha-SMA positive HSCs (/mm2) are shown in figure 2. The number of
alpha-SMA positive HSCs in CD diet group were larger with significant difference (p
< 0.01 or 0.05) than that in control group after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks-feeding.
Figure 2
Number of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) positive hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)
in male rats fed choline-deficient (CD) diet for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Significant
difference from control group (fed standard laboratory diet): *) p < 0.05, **)
p < 0.01
In histopathological examination using specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin or
silver impregnation, CD diet group showed no fibrosis after 2 weeks-feeding, but showed
slight fibrosis in the pericentral and periportal regions after 4 weeks-feeding. Fibrosis
in CD diet group was progressive, and pseudolobules were formed after 8 weeks-feeding.
In addition, CD diet group showed cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes (fatty
change) from 2 weeks to 8 weeks-feeding.
Discussion
Quiescent HSCs store vitamin A as lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. The HSCs are transformed
to myofibroblast-like cells when showing a decrease in number of vitamin A lipid droplets,
activated by several stimuli and express alpha-SMA [1-5].
In our present study, the number of HSCs containing vitamin A lipid droplets decreased,
and alpha-SMA positive HSCs increased after 2 weeks-feeding CD diet. However, CD diet
group showed histologically no hepatic fibrosis after 2 weeks-feeding. Thereafter,
slight fibrosis in the pericentral and periportal regions was observed after 4 weeks-feeding.
Fibrosis was progressive, and pseudolobules were formed after 8 weeks-feeding CD diet.
It is reported that hepatic vitamin A decreases in hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis
[5,6]. In rat and human, approximately 90% of total body vitamin A is stored in the
liver [7]. HSCs take up retinol-retinol binding protein as vitamin A from blood stream
[8], and store approximately 75% of the total hepatic vitamin A [7]. It was unclear
whether decrease of vitamin A in HSCs in fibrosis/cirrhosis precedes the induction
of fibrosis/cirrhosis or is the consequence of fibrosis/cirrhosis. Our study is the
first report demonstrating that transformation of HSCs from quiescent to activated
phenotype precedes 2 weeks before induction of fibrosis in the CD diet-fed rat model,
and suggests that this transformation of HSCs is a cause of hepatic fibrosis.