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      Polycystic ovary syndrome and its impact on women’s quality of life: More than just an endocrine disorder

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          Abstract

          In the past, polycystic ovary syndrome has been looked at primarily as an endocrine disorder. Studies now show that polycystic ovary syndrome is a metabolic, hormonal, and psychosocial disorder that impacts a patient’s quality of life. It is extremely important to holistically treat these patients early on to help them deal with the emotional stress that is often overlooked with polycystic ovary syndrome. Early diagnosis and long term management can help control polycystic ovary syndrome so that women can still live a healthy active life and avoid long-term complications such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.

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          Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

          Sarah de Ferranti, Kimberlee Gauvreau, David Ludwig … (2004)
          Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) using criteria easily applied by clinicians and researchers. There is no standard pediatric definition. We defined pediatric MetS using criteria analogous to ATP III as > or =3 of the following: (1) fasting triglycerides > or =1.1 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); (2) HDL or =6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL); (4) waist circumference >75th percentile for age and gender; and (5) systolic blood pressure >90th percentile for gender, age, and height. MetS prevalence in US adolescents was estimated with the Third National Health and Nutritional Survey 1988 to 1994. Among 1960 children aged > or =12 years who fasted > or =8 hours, two thirds had at least 1 metabolic abnormality, and nearly 1 in 10 had MetS. The racial/ethnic distribution was similar to adults: Mexican-Americans, followed by non-Hispanic whites, had a greater prevalence of MetS compared with non-Hispanic blacks (12.9%, [95% CI 10.4% to 15.4%]; 10.9%, [95% CI 8.4% to 13.4%]; and 2.5%, [95% CI 1.3% to 3.7%], respectively). Nearly one third (31.2% [95% CI 28.3% to 34.1%]) of overweight/obese adolescents had MetS. Our definition of pediatric MetS, designed to be closely analogous to ATP III, found MetS is common in adolescents and has a similar racial/ethnic distribution to adults in this representative national sample. Because childhood MetS likely tracks into adulthood, early identification may help target interventions to improve future cardiovascular health.
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            The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity.

            Mamie C Montague, S O'Rahilly (2000)
            Although an individual's total fat mass predicts morbidities such as coronary artery disease and diabetes, the anatomical distribution of adipose tissue is a strong and independent predictor of such adverse health outcomes. Thus, obese individuals with most of their fat stored in visceral adipose depots generally suffer greater adverse metabolic consequences than similarly overweight subjects with fat stored predominantly in subcutaneous sites. A fuller understanding of the biology of central obesity will require information regarding the genetic and environmental determinants of human fat topography and of the molecular mechanisms linking visceral adiposity to degenerative metabolic and vascular disease. Here we attempt to summarize the growing body of data relevant to these key areas and, in particular, to illustrate how recent advances in adipocyte biology are providing the basis for new pathophysiological insights.
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              Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

              M N Ghazzi, Ricardo Azziz, D Ehrmann … (2005)
              Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the metabolic syndrome have many features in common and may share the same pathogenesis. This study was performed to determine the prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in PCOS. The clinical, hormonal, and oral glucose tolerance test results were analyzed in 394 PCOS women who were screened for participation in a multicenter trial to evaluate the effects of troglitazone on ovulation and hirsutism. A multicenter clinical trial is presented. The subjects were women with PCOS who had or lacked the metabolic syndrome. Waist circumference, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, and blood pressure were the main outcome measures. Twenty-six (6.6%) subjects had diabetes; among the 368 nondiabetics, the prevalence for individual components comprising the metabolic syndrome were: waist circumference greater than 88 cm in 80%, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol less than 50 mg/dl in 66%, triglycerides greater than or equal to 150 mg/dl in 32%, blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg in 21%, and fasting glucose concentrations greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl in 5%. Three or more of these individual criteria were present in 123 (33.4%) subjects overall. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome did not differ significantly between racial/ethnic groups. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome from lowest to highest quartile of free testosterone concentration was 19.8, 31.3, 46.9, and 35.0%, respectively [P = 0.056 adjusted for body mass index (BMI)]. None of the 52 women with a BMI less than 27.0 kg/m2 had the metabolic syndrome; those in the top BMI quartile were 13.7 times more likely (95% confidence interval, 5.7-33.0) to have the metabolic syndrome compared with those in the lowest quartile. Thirty-eight percent of those with the metabolic syndrome had impaired glucose tolerance compared with 19% without the metabolic syndrome (P < 0.001). The metabolic syndrome and its individual components are common in PCOS, particularly among women with the highest insulin levels and BMI. Hyperinsulinemia is a likely common pathogenetic factor for both PCOS and the metabolic syndrome.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Healthc Patient Saf
                Title: Drug, healthcare and patient safety
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1365
                Publication date Collection: 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 February 2009
                Volume: 1
                Pages: 9-15
                Affiliations
                The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Shaker A Mousa, Executive VP and Chairman of the Pharmaceutical Research Institute, The Albany College of Pharmacy, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA, Tel +1 518 694 7397, Fax +1 518 694 7567, Email shaker.mousa@ 123456acphs.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: dhps-1-009
                DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s4388
                PMC ID: 3108690
                PubMed ID: 21701605
                SO-VID: 1d135a69-6b92-4d0f-98bb-a7039ab5deb6
                Copyright © © 2009 Brady et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: polycystic ovary syndrome,quality of life,sexual satisfaction,infertility,psychological distress,hirsutism,metabolic syndrome
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: polycystic ovary syndrome, quality of life, sexual satisfaction, infertility, psychological distress, hirsutism, metabolic syndrome

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